Green Extraction Processes for Complex Samples from Vegetable Matrices Coupled with On-Line Detection System: A Critical Review

The detection of analytes in complex organic matrices requires a series of analytical steps to obtain a reliable analysis. Sample preparation can be the most time-consuming, prolonged, and error-prone step, reducing the reliability of the investigation. This review aims to discuss the advantages and limitations of extracting bioactive compounds, sample preparation techniques, automation, and coupling with on-line detection. This review also evaluates all publications on this topic through a longitudinal bibliometric analysis, applying statistical and mathematical methods to analyze the trends, perspectives, and hot topics of this research area. Furthermore, state-of-the-art green extraction techniques for complex samples from vegetable matrices coupled with analysis systems are presented. Among the extraction techniques for liquid samples, solid-phase extraction was the most common for combined systems in the scientific literature. In contrast, for on-line extraction systems applied for solid samples, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction were the most frequent green extraction techniques

Transport and Holding at the Abattoir: A Critical Control Point for Salmonella in Market Swine?

The study objective was to compare on-farm and abattoir collected fecal and tissue samples to estimate transport and holding effects on Salmonella contamination of market swine. One-half of study pigs from each commercial finishing herd ( 6) were necropsied on-farm and the other half at a commercial abattoir. The farm Salmonella prevalence was estimated at 5.3% based on culture of fecal samples, ileocecal lymph nodes, and cecal contents. The abattoir Salmonella prevalence estimate was 39.9% based on the same sample types. This study demonstrates that transport and holding at the abattoir is a critical control point for Salmonella contamination

Estimation of the on-farm Salmoenlla enterica prevalence in market swine

The objective of this study was to compare fecal culture, meat juice ELISA, and culture of abattoir collected tissues for their ability to accurately estimate the on-farm prevalence of Salmonella enterica in market swine. Six herds, depopulated in the Accelerated Pseudorabies Eradication Program, were used. One-half of study pigs (50) were necropsied on-farm; the other half (50) at a commercial abattoir. The true farm prevalence (TFP), based on positive ileocecal lymph nodes, cecal contents, or fecal samples was estimated at 5.3%. This estimate was higher than any provided by a single sample type cultured. The seroprevalence (meat juice ELISA) was estimated at 20% using a cutoff of OD% \u3e 40. Prevalence estimates from abattoir collected samples were much higher than the TFP; 39.9% of pigs were culture positive. This study shows that a single round of fecal collections will underestimate the true Salmonella status of a herd and that samples collected at the abattoir will overestimate the on-farm prevalence

Impact of Commercial Pre-Harvest Processes on the Prevalenceof Salmonella enterica in Cull Sows

This study examined the impact of transport and lairage onS. enterica prevalence in cull sows under commercial conditions. Five sample periods yielded 181 selected culls. Fecal samples were collected at the production site and at a commercial collection point where sows were sorted. At the selected abattoir, multiple slaughter samples were collected for S. enterica culture. After transport and lairage 41% of cull sows yielded S. enterica in one or more tissues, whereas only 3% and 2% of these animals were postive at the production site and collection point, respectively. The S. enterica serotypes found at the production site and collection point were found at the abattoir, as were an additional 13 serotypes. Transport and lairage practices may contribute to an increased S. enterica contamination immediately prior to slaughter