Levels benzilglicosinolato, benzylisothiocyanate and expression of myrosinase during development and ripening of papaya (Carica papaya L., var. Sunrise Solo)

O sistema glicosinolato-mirosinase faz parte do mecanismo de defesa das plantas, quando o tecido é danificado, os glicosinolatos são degradados pela mirosinase e os compostos tóxicos são liberados. No mamão, o principal composto liberado pela enzima é o benzilisotiocianato (BITC), a partir da degradação de benzilglicosinolato (BG). Altos teores de BG e BITC, presentes no início da formação do fruto, diminuem durante o seu desenvolvimento. A semente, é o tecido que mais acumula estes compostos, seguido da casca e da polpa e estes teores parecem ser afetados pelo 1-MCP, mas não pelo etileno. Além disso, foi observado neste trabalho, que mesmo a mais baixa atividade da mirosinase parece ter sido suficiente para liberar o BITC, que nestas quantidades, poderia exercer ação contra as moscas-das-frutas e outros microorganismos. A seqüência parcial da mirosinase do mamão mostrou alto grau de similaridade com Arabidopisis (67%), mostarda branca (62%) e canola (51 %), plantas modelo no estudo de glicosinolatos, sendo encontradas muitas regiões e resíduos altamente conservados. O perfil de transcritos da mirosinase mostrou que ela está presente somente na semente, e a partir dos 90 dpa, apresentando um significativo aumento no ponto de colheita, concomitante ao aumento de atividade.The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is part of the defense mechanism in plants, when tissue is damaged, the glucosinolates are degraded by myresinases and toxic compounds are released. In papaya fruit, the major compounds released are the benzylisothiocyanates, frem the degradation of benzylglucosinolate (BG). High levels of BG and BITC are present in the beginning of the fruit formation and they decreased during the development. The seed is the tissue that accumulates higher contents of these compounds, followed by skin and pulp and these levels seems to be disturb by 1-MCP, but not by ethylene. Moreover, it was observed in this work, that exactly the lowest activity of myresinase seems to have been enought to liberate the BITC, that in these amounts, could to act against fruit f1ies and other microorganisms. The partial sequence of myresinase of the papaya fruit showed high degree of similarity with with Arabidopisis (67%), white mustard (62%) and rape (51 %), plants model in the study of glicosinolatos, being found a lot of regions and residues highly conserved. The transcript prefile of myresinase showed that it is present only in the seed, and frem the 90 dpa, having a significant increase in the point of harvest, concomitant to the activity increase

Effects of gibberellic acid on metabolism starch-sucrose during banana ripening (Musa acuminta var. Nanicão)

O amadurecimento é uma etapa exclusiva do estágio de desenvolvimento dos frutos, que envolve uma série de transformações metabólicas a partir de diferentes fontes de energia. Ele é mediado por um dinâmico complexo enzimático, resultando em síntese/degradação e conversão de compostos que tornarão o fruto aceitável para o consumo. Dependendo do tipo de fruto, essa fonte de energia pode ser na forma de ácidos orgânicos, sacarose vinda da própria planta e na forma de amido. A banana (Musa acuminata) é uma fruta de comportamento climatérico que utiliza como principal fonte de carbono o amido, que é reduzido durante o climatério de teores que variam de 12 a 20% a menos de 1 %. Concomitante à esta degradação, o teor de sacarose pode atingir até 15%, dependendo da cultivar. O ácido giberélico (GA3) é um fitohormônio da família das giberelinas que tem sido muito estudado em cereais por aumentar a transcrição gênica das α-amilase. Em frutos, ele é responsável por manter a textura firme e o teor de sólidos solúveis, e atrasar o amadurecimento. Ao estudar a influência do GA3 no metabolismo amido-sacarose em fatias de banana, observou-se neste trabalho que o fitohormônio não alterou o pico respiratório nem a síntese de etileno. Entretanto, atrasou a degradação do amido e o acúmulo de açúcares solúveis por três dias. Este atraso foi acompanhado pela diminuição/atraso na atividade das enzimas que degradam o amido e sintetizam sacarose, α e β-amilase e sacarose fosfato sintase, respectivamente, sendo que não foi observada uma diferença no aumento de expressão gênica da sacarose fosfato sintase e das fosforilases.The ripening is an exclusive stage of fruit development, that involves a serie of metabolic transformation from different energy source. It is mediated by a dynamic enzymatic complex, resulting in formation/degradation of different coumpouds that will render fruit acceptable for the consumption. Depending on the type of fruit, this energy source can be in the form of organic acid, sucrose of the plant or starch. Banana (Musa acuminata) is a climateric fruit that uses starch as main carbon source, which is reduced during banana ripening of levels that vary from 12 to 20% to less than 1 %. Concomitant to the this degradation, the levels of sucrose can reach up to 15%, depending of the cultivar. The gibberellic acid, GA3-mediated is a plant growth regulation of the giberellins family, that has been studied in cereals because of their enhancing effect of gene expression of αamylase. In fruits, it is responsible for keeping the texture firm and the soluble solid levels, and delaying the ripening. The influence of the GA3 in the starch-sucrose metabolism in banana slices, were observed. That the phytohormone did not modify the respiratory peak nor the synthesis of ethylene. However, it delayed the starch degradation and the soluble sugars accumulation for about three days. This delay was followed by decrease and/or delay in the activity of the enzymes related to starch degradation: the α and β-amylases; and sucrose synthesis the sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS). However, was not observed a difference in the increase of gene expression of SPS and phosphorilas

Effects of gibberellic acid on metabolism starch-sucrose during banana ripening (Musa acuminta var. Nanicão)

O amadurecimento é uma etapa exclusiva do estágio de desenvolvimento dos frutos, que envolve uma série de transformações metabólicas a partir de diferentes fontes de energia. Ele é mediado por um dinâmico complexo enzimático, resultando em síntese/degradação e conversão de compostos que tornarão o fruto aceitável para o consumo. Dependendo do tipo de fruto, essa fonte de energia pode ser na forma de ácidos orgânicos, sacarose vinda da própria planta e na forma de amido. A banana (Musa acuminata) é uma fruta de comportamento climatérico que utiliza como principal fonte de carbono o amido, que é reduzido durante o climatério de teores que variam de 12 a 20% a menos de 1 %. Concomitante à esta degradação, o teor de sacarose pode atingir até 15%, dependendo da cultivar. O ácido giberélico (GA3) é um fitohormônio da família das giberelinas que tem sido muito estudado em cereais por aumentar a transcrição gênica das α-amilase. Em frutos, ele é responsável por manter a textura firme e o teor de sólidos solúveis, e atrasar o amadurecimento. Ao estudar a influência do GA3 no metabolismo amido-sacarose em fatias de banana, observou-se neste trabalho que o fitohormônio não alterou o pico respiratório nem a síntese de etileno. Entretanto, atrasou a degradação do amido e o acúmulo de açúcares solúveis por três dias. Este atraso foi acompanhado pela diminuição/atraso na atividade das enzimas que degradam o amido e sintetizam sacarose, α e β-amilase e sacarose fosfato sintase, respectivamente, sendo que não foi observada uma diferença no aumento de expressão gênica da sacarose fosfato sintase e das fosforilases.The ripening is an exclusive stage of fruit development, that involves a serie of metabolic transformation from different energy source. It is mediated by a dynamic enzymatic complex, resulting in formation/degradation of different coumpouds that will render fruit acceptable for the consumption. Depending on the type of fruit, this energy source can be in the form of organic acid, sucrose of the plant or starch. Banana (Musa acuminata) is a climateric fruit that uses starch as main carbon source, which is reduced during banana ripening of levels that vary from 12 to 20% to less than 1 %. Concomitant to the this degradation, the levels of sucrose can reach up to 15%, depending of the cultivar. The gibberellic acid, GA3-mediated is a plant growth regulation of the giberellins family, that has been studied in cereals because of their enhancing effect of gene expression of αamylase. In fruits, it is responsible for keeping the texture firm and the soluble solid levels, and delaying the ripening. The influence of the GA3 in the starch-sucrose metabolism in banana slices, were observed. That the phytohormone did not modify the respiratory peak nor the synthesis of ethylene. However, it delayed the starch degradation and the soluble sugars accumulation for about three days. This delay was followed by decrease and/or delay in the activity of the enzymes related to starch degradation: the α and β-amylases; and sucrose synthesis the sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS). However, was not observed a difference in the increase of gene expression of SPS and phosphorilas

Levels benzilglicosinolato, benzylisothiocyanate and expression of myrosinase during development and ripening of papaya (Carica papaya L., var. Sunrise Solo)

O sistema glicosinolato-mirosinase faz parte do mecanismo de defesa das plantas, quando o tecido é danificado, os glicosinolatos são degradados pela mirosinase e os compostos tóxicos são liberados. No mamão, o principal composto liberado pela enzima é o benzilisotiocianato (BITC), a partir da degradação de benzilglicosinolato (BG). Altos teores de BG e BITC, presentes no início da formação do fruto, diminuem durante o seu desenvolvimento. A semente, é o tecido que mais acumula estes compostos, seguido da casca e da polpa e estes teores parecem ser afetados pelo 1-MCP, mas não pelo etileno. Além disso, foi observado neste trabalho, que mesmo a mais baixa atividade da mirosinase parece ter sido suficiente para liberar o BITC, que nestas quantidades, poderia exercer ação contra as moscas-das-frutas e outros microorganismos. A seqüência parcial da mirosinase do mamão mostrou alto grau de similaridade com Arabidopisis (67%), mostarda branca (62%) e canola (51 %), plantas modelo no estudo de glicosinolatos, sendo encontradas muitas regiões e resíduos altamente conservados. O perfil de transcritos da mirosinase mostrou que ela está presente somente na semente, e a partir dos 90 dpa, apresentando um significativo aumento no ponto de colheita, concomitante ao aumento de atividade.The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is part of the defense mechanism in plants, when tissue is damaged, the glucosinolates are degraded by myresinases and toxic compounds are released. In papaya fruit, the major compounds released are the benzylisothiocyanates, frem the degradation of benzylglucosinolate (BG). High levels of BG and BITC are present in the beginning of the fruit formation and they decreased during the development. The seed is the tissue that accumulates higher contents of these compounds, followed by skin and pulp and these levels seems to be disturb by 1-MCP, but not by ethylene. Moreover, it was observed in this work, that exactly the lowest activity of myresinase seems to have been enought to liberate the BITC, that in these amounts, could to act against fruit f1ies and other microorganisms. The partial sequence of myresinase of the papaya fruit showed high degree of similarity with with Arabidopisis (67%), white mustard (62%) and rape (51 %), plants model in the study of glicosinolatos, being found a lot of regions and residues highly conserved. The transcript prefile of myresinase showed that it is present only in the seed, and frem the 90 dpa, having a significant increase in the point of harvest, concomitant to the activity increase

Analysis of total glucosinolates and chromatographically purified benzylglucosinolate in organic and conventional vegetables

The limited availability of foods that are free of pesticides has led Brazil to search for alternative production methods to meet the desires of consumers. Currently, organic cultivation represents a production system that complies with general expectations of producers and consumers. Organic cultivation is particularly interesting mainly because of its effect on plant secondary metabolite content, which may help plants to naturally combat pests; in humans, these substances can also contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases. We report on the extraction of glucosinolates (both as total glucosinolates and as benzylglucosinolate) with trifluoroacetic acid addition in a 70:30 MeOH:water (v/v). Total glucosinolates, determined by a thioglucosidase coupled assay, were measured in different Brassicaceae species and were similar to values reported in the literature. For broccoli, analyses were carried out separately on inflorescences, leaves and stalks; analyses were also conducted on thermally processed samples to simulate cooking. Furthermore, when the analysis was conducted on conventional and organic products, the highest concentrations of these substances were most often found in organically cultivated Brassicaceae. The benzylglucosinolate concentrations were evaluated on the same samples using HPLC. The concentration of benzylglucosinolate was significantly higher in organically cultivated vegetables, as well. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd

Aplicação em subdose do haloxyfop-methyl na aveia-preta

One of the major constraints to sustainable of the tillage is the rapid decomposition of dry the matter. One of the mechanisms known to facilitate this process is the interference in pathways of polymers of lignin from tests of application of low doses of herbicide based on the relation that higher the content of the lignin greater the resistance to degradation. With this purpose, the herbicide Verdict * R (haloxyfop-methyl) was used to verify the effect of low doses at the height of the plants, productivity of dry matter and in the metabolism of the lignin in plants of black oat. Preliminary tests in the greenhouse were realized for adjustments ​​to the best low doses to be applied in the definitive experiment in the production area. The results obtained were 24% of increase in productivity in the experiments conducted in greenhouse, from the application of 3.125g of the active ingredient of the haloxyfop-methyl per hectare, in this subdose no changes was observed in growth and content of lignin in plants of black oat. In the field, the concentration of 2.5g i. a. ha-1 of haloxyfop-methyl decreased in 9% the lignification rate without interfering with the height and productivity of the plants, this being favorable to the degradation rate of stubble tillage on outcomeUma das limitações para sustentabilidade do sistema de cultivo em plantio direto é a rápida decomposição da matéria seca. Um dos mecanismos conhecidos para minimizar este processo e potencializar a permanência da palhada no solo é alterar as vias metabólicas dos polímeros de lignina com aplicação de subdoses de herbicida, interferindo diretamente na resistência à degradação dos restos vegetais pelos microrganismos. Com este objetivo, o herbicida Verdict*R (haloxyfop-methyl) foi aplicado em subdoses nas plantas de aveia-preta e o efeito correlacionado com a altura das plantas, produtividade da matéria seca e metabolismo de lignina. Ensaios preliminares em casa de vegetação foram realizados para determinar as faixas de subdoses a serem aplicadas no experimento definitivo em campo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram aumento de 24% na produtividade de matéria seca dos experimentos conduzidos em casa de vegetação com a aplicação de 3,125g do ingrediente ativo de haloxyfop-methyl por hectare (i.a. ha-1) nesta subdose, não foram observadas alterações na altura e no metabolismo de lignina nas plantas de aveia-preta. No campo, a concentração de 2,5g i. a. ha-1 do haloxyfop-methyl já foi suficiente para reduzir em 9% a taxa de lignificação sem interferir na altura e produtividade das plantas, sendo este resultado favorável à velocidade de degradação da palhada no plantio diret

Nutritional composition, phenolic compounds, nitrate content in eatable vegetables obtained by conventional and certified organic grown culture subject to thermal treatment

The aim of this work was to analyse some nutritional characteristics in eatable vegetables obtained by conventional and organic grown culture, focusing on vegetable parts that are generally rejected by consumers. Samples of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa (syn. B. campestris) spp. pekinensis)) and maize (Zea mays L.) had been analysed under raw conditions and after thermal treatment in order to test modifications in protein, lipids, carbohydrate, phenol, nitrate content and dry weight. According to our results, thermal treatment modified some characteristics. Even if for most parameters significant differences between foods obtained by the two cultivation procedures had not been observed, in organic samples a higher concentration of nitrate was found. Furthermore, domestic processing, such as cooking in boiling water, seems to have a dramatic effect on phenolic content on both kinds of food, and, as a consequence, on antioxidant activity.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Benzylglucosinolate, Benzylisothiocyanate, and Myrosinase Activity in Papaya Fruit during Development and Ripening

Papaya is a climacteric fruit that has high amounts of benzylglucosinolates (BG) and benzylisothiocyanates (BITC), but information regarding levels of BG or BITC during fruit development and ripening is limited. Because BG and BITC are compounds of importance from both a nutritional and a crop yield standpoint, the aim of this work was to access data on the distribution and changes of BG and BITC levels during fruit development and ripening. BG and BITC levels were quantified in peel, pulp, and seeds of papaya fruit. Volatile BITC was also verified in the internal cavity of the fruit during ripening. The influence of the ethylene in BG and BITC levels and mirosinase activity was tested by exposing mature green fruits to ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). The highest BG levels were detected in seeds, followed by the peel and pulp being decreased in all tissues during fruit development. Similarly, the levels of BITC were much higher in the seeds than the peel and pulp. The levels of BG for control and ethylene-treated fruit were very similar, increasing in the pulp and peel during late ripening but not changing significantly in seeds. On the other hand, fruit exposed to 1-MCP showed a decrease in BG amount in the pulp and accumulation in seed. The treatments did not result in clear differences regarding the amount of BITC in the pulp and peel of the fruit. According to the results, ethylene does not have a clear effect on BITC accumulation in ripening papaya fruit. The fact that BG levels in the pulp did not decrease during ripening, regardless of the treatment employed, and that papaya is consumed mainly as fresh fruit, speaks in favor of this fruit as a good dietary source for glucosinolate and isothiocyanates.FAPES