11,444 research outputs found

    The Nusselt numbers of horizontal convection

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    We consider the problem of horizontal convection in which non-uniform buoyancy, bs(x,y)b_{\rm s}(x,y), is imposed on the top surface of a container and all other surfaces are insulating. Horizontal convection produces a net horizontal flux of buoyancy, J\mathbf{J}, defined by vertically and temporally averaging the interior horizontal flux of buoyancy. We show that Jbs=κb2\overline{\mathbf{J}\cdot\mathbf{\nabla}b_{\rm s}}=-\kappa\langle|\boldsymbol{\nabla}b|^2\rangle; overbar denotes a space-time average over the top surface, angle brackets denote a volume-time average and κ\kappa is the molecular diffusivity of buoyancy bb. This connection between J\mathbf{J} and κb2\kappa\langle|\boldsymbol{\nabla}b|^2\rangle justifies the definition of the horizontal-convective Nusselt number, NuNu, as the ratio of κb2\kappa \langle|\boldsymbol{\nabla}b|^2\rangle to the corresponding quantity produced by molecular diffusion alone. We discuss the advantages of this definition of NuNu over other definitions of horizontal-convective Nusselt number currently in use. We investigate transient effects and show that κb2\kappa \langle|\boldsymbol{\nabla}b|^2\rangle equilibrates more rapidly than other global averages, such as the domain averaged kinetic energy and bottom buoyancy. We show that κb2\kappa\langle|\boldsymbol{\nabla} b|^2\rangle is essentially the volume-averaged rate of Boussinesq entropy production within the enclosure. In statistical steady state, the interior entropy production is balanced by a flux of entropy through the top surface. This leads to an equivalent "surface Nusselt number", defined as the surface average of vertical buoyancy flux through the top surface times the imposed surface buoyancy bs(x,y)b_{\rm s}(x,y). In experiments it is likely easier to evaluate the surface entropy flux, rather than the volume integral of b2|\mathbf{\nabla}b|^2 demanded by κb2\kappa\langle|\mathbf{\nabla}b|^2\rangle.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure

    Notes on the Two-brane Model with Variable Tension

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    Motivated by possible extensions of the braneworld models with two branes, we investigate some consequences of a variable brane tension using the well established results on consistency conditions. By a slight modification of the usual stress-tensor used in order to derive the braneworld sum rules, we find out some important constraints obeyed by time dependent brane tensions. In particular it is shown that the tensions of two Randall-Sundrum like branes obeying, at the same time, an Eotvos law, aggravate the fine tuning problem. Also, it is shown that if the hidden brane tension obeys an Eotvos law, then the visible brane has a mixed behavior allowing a bouncing-like period at early times while it is dominated by an Eotvos law nowadays. To finalize, we discuss some qualitative characteristics which may arise in the scope of dynamical brane tensions, as anisotropic background and branons production.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in Physical Review

    Critical steps to ensure the successful reintroduction of the Eurasian red squirrel

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    Pasos fundamentales para garantizar la eficacia de la reintroducción de la ardilla roja El objetivo de las estrategias de reintroducción de fauna silvestre es establecer poblaciones viables a largo plazo, fomentar la concienciación con respecto a la conservación y aportar beneficios económicos para las comunidades locales. La ardilla roja (Sciurus vulgaris), que estaba extinta en Portugal desde el s. XVI, fue reintroducida en varios parques urbanos en la década de los años 90, principalmente con fines estéticos y recreativos. Evaluamos la eficacia de esta reintroducción en dos parques urbanos y describimos los pasos fundamentales de la misma. Se evaluaron la utilización del hábitat, la densidad y abundancia de la población y las medidas de gestión adoptadas durante los proyectos de reintroducción. Las reintroducciones fueron relativamente eficaces dado a que las ardillas seguían presentes 20 años después de la liberación. No obstante, las poblaciones en ambos parques están disminuyendo debido a la falta de una gestión activa y a la mala calidad del hábitat. La reintroducción eficaz de la ardilla roja en zonas donde no hay ardillas arborícolas exóticas conlleva tres etapas fundamentales. La etapa previa al proyecto comprende estudios sobre la calidad del hábitat; la proximidad genética entre los donantes y la población silvestre más cercana, y la salud de las poblaciones donantes. En la etapa de liberación, el número de individuos liberados dependerá de la variabilidad de los recursos disponibles; asimismo, se ha observado que la técnica de liberación dura es un método eficaz y viable desde el punto de vista económico. Las actividades posteriores a la liberación deberían analizar la adaptación, mitigar la mortalidad, hacer un seguimiento de la necesidad de aportar alimentación complementaria, prestar apoyo veterinario y fomentar la sensibilización pública y la educación.Wildlife reintroduction strategies aim to establish viable long–term populations, promote conservation awareness and provide economic benefits for local communities. In Portugal, the Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) became extinct in the 16th century and was reintroduced in urban parks in the 1990s, mainly for aesthetic and leisure purposes. We evaluated the success of this reintroduction in two urban parks and here described the critical steps. We assessed habitat use, population density and abundance, and management steps carried out during reintroduction projects. Reintroductions have been successful to some extent given squirrels are present 20 years after release. However, populations in both parks are declining due to the lack of active management and poor quality habitat. Successful reintroduction of Eurasian red squirrel in areas without competition of alien tree squirrels involves three critical main stages. The pre–project stage includes studies on habitat quality, genetic proximity between donors and closest wild population, and health of donor stocks. In the release stage, the number of individuals released will depend on resource variability, and the hard release technique is an effective and economically viable method. Post–release activities should evaluate adaptation, mitigate mortality, monitor the need for supplementary feeding, provide veterinary support, and promote public awareness and education.Pasos fundamentales para garantizar la eficacia de la reintroducción de la ardilla roja El objetivo de las estrategias de reintroducción de fauna silvestre es establecer poblaciones viables a largo plazo, fomentar la concienciación con respecto a la conservación y aportar beneficios económicos para las comunidades locales. La ardilla roja (Sciurus vulgaris), que estaba extinta en Portugal desde el s. XVI, fue reintroducida en varios parques urbanos en la década de los años 90, principalmente con fines estéticos y recreativos. Evaluamos la eficacia de esta reintroducción en dos parques urbanos y describimos los pasos fundamentales de la misma. Se evaluaron la utilización del hábitat, la densidad y abundancia de la población y las medidas de gestión adoptadas durante los proyectos de reintroducción. Las reintroducciones fueron relativamente eficaces dado a que las ardillas seguían presentes 20 años después de la liberación. No obstante, las poblaciones en ambos parques están disminuyendo debido a la falta de una gestión activa y a la mala calidad del hábitat. La reintroducción eficaz de la ardilla roja en zonas donde no hay ardillas arborícolas exóticas conlleva tres etapas fundamentales. La etapa previa al proyecto comprende estudios sobre la calidad del hábitat; la proximidad genética entre los donantes y la población silvestre más cercana, y la salud de las poblaciones donantes. En la etapa de liberación, el número de individuos liberados dependerá de la variabilidad de los recursos disponibles; asimismo, se ha observado que la técnica de liberación dura es un método eficaz y viable desde el punto de vista económico. Las actividades posteriores a la liberación deberían analizar la adaptación, mitigar la mortalidad, hacer un seguimiento de la necesidad de aportar alimentación complementaria, prestar apoyo veterinario y fomentar la sensibilización pública y la educación

    Non-collinear coupling between magnetic adatoms in carbon nanotubes

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    The long range character of the exchange coupling between localized magnetic moments indirectly mediated by the conduction electrons of metallic hosts often plays a significant role in determining the magnetic order of low-dimensional structures. In addition to this indirect coupling, here we show that the direct exchange interaction that arises when the moments are not too far apart may induce a non-collinear magnetic order that cannot be characterized by a Heisenberg-like interaction between the magnetic moments. We argue that this effect can be manipulated to control the magnetization alignment of magnetic dimers adsorbed to the walls of carbon nanotubes.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PR

    OGSA/Globus Evaluation for Data Intensive Applications

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    We present an architecture of Globus Toolkit 3 based testbed intended for evaluation of applicability of the Open Grid Service Architecture (OGSA) for Data Intensive Applications.Comment: To be published in the proceedings of the XIX International Symposium on Nuclear Electronics and Computing (NEC'2003), Bulgaria, Varna, 15-20 September, 200

    Estudio de la influencia de los diferentes residuos de carbón como aluminosilicatos en las propiedades mecánicas y la microestructura de los cementos activados alcalinamente

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    Coal mining wastes are associated with serious environmental problems; they have potential as building materials, including alkali-activated cement. In this study, the effect of different coal mining wastes on the mechanical properties and microstructural development of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) was evaluated through XRD, SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. Different alkali-activated compounds were produced; the alkaline solution was composed of NaOH+Na2SiO3. The results obtained using the calcined coal sludge showed excellent mechanical performance, with compressive strength higher than 60 MPa. However, addition of metakaolin and ordinary Portland cement was necessary to increase the mechanical performance of calcined coal gangue materials. The formation of N-A-S-H gel and the incorporation of iron ions into the cementitious matrix were evidenced. Ultrasonic pulse velocity indicated the early polymerization during the reaction processes. The study verified that the different characteristics of the wastes influence the performance of alkali-activated materials.Los residuos de minería de carbón causan serios problemas ambientales, no obstante, tienen potencial como material de construcción, destacándose los cementos activados alcalinamente. El efecto de los residuos de carbón sobre las propiedades mecánicas y el desarrollo microestructural de los cementos activados alcalinamente son objeto de este estudio. Para ello, se utilizaron las técnicas de DRX, SEM y FTIR. Se produjeron diferentes compuestos activados alcalinamente, utilizando NaOH + Na2SiO3 como activador alcalino y curado térmico (50 °C durante 24 h). Los resultados obtenidos a partir del lodo de carbón calcinado mostraron un excelente rendimiento mecánico, con una resistencia a la compresión superior a 60 MPa. Sin embargo, en el caso de los materiales obtenidos a partir de la ganga de carbón calcinada, fue necesaria la adición de metacaolín y cemento Portland para aumentar sus resistencias mecánicas. Asimismo, se evidenció la formación de gel N-A-S-H y la incorporación de iones de hierro en la matriz cementante. El ensayo de velocidad de pulso ultrasónica indicó la polimerización inicial durante el proceso de reacción. Gracias a este se ha comprobado que las diferentes características de los residuos influyen en las propiedades y comportamiento de los correspondientes materiales activados alcalinamente

    Redshift drift cosmography with ELT and SKAO measurements

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    Mapping the expansion history of the universe is a compelling task of physical cosmology, especially in the context of the observational evidence for the recent acceleration of the universe, which demonstrates that canonical theories of cosmology and particle physics are incomplete and that there is new physics still to be discovered. Cosmography is a phenomenological approach to cosmology, where (with some caveats) physical quantities are expanded as a Taylor series in the cosmological redshift zz, or analogous parameters such as the rescaled redshift y=z/(1+z)y=z/(1+z) or the logarithmic redshift x=ln(1+z)x=\ln{(1+z)}. Moreover, the redshift drift of objects following cosmological expansion provides a model-independent observable, detectable by facilities currently under construction, {\it viz.} the Extremely Large Telescope and the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (at least in its full configuration). Here we use simulated redshift drift measurements from the two facilities to carry out an assessment of the cosmological impact and model discriminating power of redshift drift cosmography. We find that the combination of measurements from the two facilities can provide a stringent test of the Λ\LambdaCDM paradigm, and that overall the logarithmic based expansions of the spectroscopic velocity drift are the most reliable ones, performing better than analogous expansions in the redshift or the rescaled redshift: the former nominally gives the smaller error bars for the cosmographic coefficients but is vulnerable to biases in the higher order terms (in other words, it is only reliable at low redshifts), while the latter always performs poorly.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, 5 tables; in press at MNRA
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