Exact controllability of incompressible ideal magnetohydrodynamics in 22D

This work examines the controllability of planar incompressible ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Interior controls are obtained for problems posed in doubly-connected regions; simply-connected configurations are driven by boundary controls. Up to now, only straight channels regulated at opposing walls have been studied. Hence, the present program adds to the literature an exploration of interior controllability, extends the known boundary controllability results, and contributes ideas for treating general domains. To transship obstacles stemming from the MHD coupling and the magnetic field topology, a divide-and-control strategy is proposed. This leads to a family of nonlinear velocity-controlled sub-problems which are solved using J.-M. Coron's return method. The latter is here developed based on a reference trajectory in the domain's first cohomology space.Comment: 41 pages, 11 figure

Impact of weed control strategies on resistance evolution in Alopecurus myosuroides – a long-term field trial

The impact of various herbicide strategies on populations of Alopecurus myosuroides is investigated in a longterm field trial situated in Wendhausen (Germany) since 2009. In the initial years of the field experiment, resistant populations were selected by means of repeated application of the same herbicide active ingredients. For the selection of different resistance profiles, herbicides with actives from different HRAC groups were used. The herbicide actives flupyrsulfuron, isoproturon und fenoxaprop-P were applied for two years on large plots.In a succeeding field trial starting in 2011, it was investigated if the now existing resistant field populations could be controlled by various herbicide strategies. Eight different strategies consisting of various herbicide combinations were tested. Resistance evolution was investigated by means of plant counts and molecular genetic analysis.Einfluss von Herbizidstrategien auf die Resistenzentwicklung bei Alopecurus myosuroides – ein DauerversuchIn einem Dauerfeldversuch wird am Standort Wendhausen (Nähe Braunschweig) seit dem Jahr 2009 der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Herbizidstrategien auf Alopecurus myosuroides-Populationen mit unterschiedlichen Resistenzprofilen untersucht. In den ersten Jahren des Versuches wurden auf dem Standort durch jährliche Applikation derselben herbiziden Wirkstoffe entsprechende resistente Populationen selektiert. Dabei wurden zur Selektion unterschiedlicher Resistenzprofile Herbizide aus unterschiedlichen HRAC-Wirkstoffgruppen verwendet. So wurden die herbiziden Wirkstoffe Flupyrsulfuron, Isoproturon und Fenoxaprop-P in gleichbleibenden Großparzellen über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren eingesetzt. Bei dem in 2011 begonnen Versuch sollte im Anschluss untersucht werden, inwieweit die bestehenden resistenten Populationen mit unterschiedlichen Herbizidstrategien bekämpft werden können. Dabei wurden acht verschiedene Strategien mit unterschiedlichen Herbizidkombinationen getestet. Zudem wurde die Entwicklung der Resistenz anhand von Feldbonituren und molekulargenetischen Analysen untersucht

Inverse associations between cycling to work, public transport, and overweight and obesity: Findings from a population based study in Australia

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between various modes of transport to work and overweight and obesity, in men and women. Methods. The study was conducted using data from a representative sample of 6810 respondents who reported being in the workforce, extracted from the 2003 New South Wales Adult Health Survey, Australia. Logistic regression modeling adjusted for potential confounders. Results. Men who cycled to work were significantly less likely to be overweight and obese (39.8%) compared with those driving to work (60.8%), with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.49 (95% CI: 0.31–0.76) and much less likely to be obese (5.4%) with an adjusted odds ratio 0.34 (95% CI: 0.13–0.87). Men who used public transport to work were also significantly less likely to be overweight and obese (44.6%) with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.53–0.81). However, these inverse relationships were not found in women. Conclusions. These findings support recommendations to cycle to work or use public transport as a strategy to maintain healthy weight for men. Although healthy weight cannot be causally attributed to cycling and use of public transport in this study, the link is plausible, and increased cycling and use of public transport would have positive benefits for the environment and health in any case

Associations between religiosity and sexuality in a representative sample of Australian adults

Many studies have examined the influence on sexual attitudes and behavior of religious belief (i.e., religious denomination) or religiosity (e.g., attendance at services, subjective importance of religion). However, few studies have examined the combined effects of religion and religiosity on sexual attitudes and behavior. This study examined such effects in a representative sample of 19,307 Australians aged 16–59 years (response rate, 73.1%). The study compared members of four religious groups (Protestant, Catholic, Buddhist, Muslim) and two levels of frequency of attendance at religious service (less than monthly, at least monthly). Religious participants were compared to their non-religious peers in analyses adjusted for potential confounding by demographic variables. The outcomes were five sexual behaviors and five corresponding measures of sexual attitudes. The study revealed inconsistent patterns of association between religion/religiosity and a range of sexual behaviors and attitudes. In general, greater attendance at religious services was associated with more conservative patterns of behavior and attitudes. However, religious people who attended services infrequently were more similar to their non-religious peers than their more religious peers. The results of this study highlight the importance of considering not only religion or religiosity, but the intersection between these two variables

Cycling to Work in Sydney: Analysis of Journey-To-Work Census Data from 2001 and 2011.

Increasing the number of commuters who use bicycles to get to work is an essential element of sustainable transport systems in the world’s most livable cities. These analyses examine whether there have been changes in levels of cycling in Sydney between the 2001, 2006 and 2011 Census, and extends an earlier analysis of data from the 1996 Census. Data on the journey to work were purchased from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Use of a bicycle on any part of the journey to work was coded as ‘bicycle used’. Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the Sydney area were coded as inner Sydney if they were within 10 kilometers of Central Station in Sydney, outer Sydney for the remaining Sydney LGAs and the rest as the Greater Metropolitan Region including the LGAs of Newcastle and Wollongong

Mass community cycling events: Who participates and is their behaviour influenced by participation?

BACKGROUND: Participation in mass physical activity events may be a novel approach for encouraging inactive or low active adults to trial an active behaviour. The public health applicability of this strategy has not been investigated thoroughly. The purpose of this study to was describe participants in a mass cycling event and examine the subsequent effect on cycling behaviour. METHODS: A sample of men and women aged 16 years and older (n = 918) who registered online for a mass cycling event reported cycling ability and number of times they rode a bicycle during the month before the event. One month after the event participants completed an online follow-up questionnaire and reported cycling ability, lifestyle physical activity, and number of times they rode a bicycle during the month after the event. McNemar's test was used to examine changes in self-rated cycling ability, and repeated measures mixed linear modeling was used to determine whether average number of monthly bicycle rides changed between pre-event and post-event assessment. RESULTS: Participants in the cycling event were predominantly male (72%), 83% rated themselves as competent or regular cyclists, and 68% rated themselves as more active than others of the same sex and age. Half of the survey respondents that rated their cycling ability as low before the event subsequently rated themselves as high one month after the event. Respondents with low pre-event self-rated cycling ability reported an average 4 sessions of bicycle riding the month before the event and an average 6.8 sessions of bicycle riding a month after the event. This increase in average sessions of bicycle riding was significant (p < .0001). Similarly, first-time participants in this particular cycling event significantly increased average sessions of cycling from 7.2 pre-event to 8.9 sessions one month after the event. CONCLUSION: Participants who were novice riders or first time participants significantly increased their number of bicycle rides in the month after the event. Further knowledge about the public health applicability of mass events is needed, and methods for attracting less active and novice individuals to participate remain to be developed

Employer Perspectives of Workplace Health Promotion

This report presents the findings of a qualitative study exploring the views of a small group of employers (n=25) about WHP, in particular the value and priority placed on promoting employee health, who should be responsible, as well as key barriers and facilitators. Interviews also aimed to gain an understanding of how workplace health programs and activities are currently being implemented by workplaces. The findings provide important preliminary insights into the key issues to be addressed when implementing health promotion programs in the workplace