Where is in a Name? A Survey of Mobility in Information-Centric Networks

Host mobility has been a long standing challenge in the current Internet architecture. Huge proportions of traffic are now attributed to mobile devices [1]; however, despite this promi-nence, mobility often remains a badly handled concept. Some have recently argued that the main reason for this lies in its choice of what to name [2]. The Internet Protocol (IP

Overlay Consolidation of ISP-Provided Preferences

There is growing evidence that mutually beneficial outcomes can be achieved when content distribution overlays and their underlying ISPs collaborate through open interfaces. We further contribute to this body of work by considering consolidated topology construction strategies that integrate the information provided by multiple ISPs. We focus on situations with potentially conflicting, asymmetric preference costs, since these situations are expected to benefit more from the tradeoffs provided by consolidation to produce an overlay topology with desirable global properties. In this paper we develop a generic model for the multi-domain consolidation of ISP preferences expressed as costs for pairwise peer connections, where peers are grouped into clusters based on topology criteria. Using this model, we propose two consolidated topology construction strategies: Shared Cost, designed to provide a tradeoff for preference cost asymmetries, and Low Cost, designed to reduce the overall preference cost that the overlay imposes on all its underlying ISPs. We evaluate these two models through extensive simulations over a wide range of ISP and peer cluster sizes, and we show that preference consolidation can provide ISPs with outcomes more aligned with their preferences than those provided by non-consolidated operation

Antimicrobial resistance and genotyping of Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from intensive production farms of the city of Lima, Peru

El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar 20 cepas de Salmonella enterica a nivel molecular y de resistencia antimicrobiana. De estas, 15 fueron obtenidas de cuyes infectados y cinco de cuyes clínicamente sanos, procedentes de dos centros de producción intensiva ubicados en Lima, Perú. Mediante una técnica de PCR múltiple se detectaron los genes invA, prot6E y fliC, correspondientes al género Salmonella y serovares Enteritidis y Typhimurium, respectivamente. Se detectó la variabilidad genética mediante la técnica BOX-PCR utilizando el primer BOXA1R. La resistencia fue evaluada utilizando la técnica de Kirby Bauer en base a eritromicina, nitrofurantoína, estreptomicina, penicilina, enrofloxacina, fosfomicina, amoxicilina con ácido clavulánico, sulfatrimetoprim y ciprofloxacina. Se determinó la serovariedad Typhimurium en el 100% de los aislados. La evaluación de los perfiles electroforéticos obtenidos por la técnica de BOX-PCR demostró alta homogeneidad, con patrones de bandas de ADN similares. Se detectaron cepas resistentes a eritromicina 60% (12/20), nitrofurantoína 40% (8/20), estreptomicina 30% (6/ 20), penicilina 25% (5/20), y enrofloxacina 10% (2/20). La detección de cepas resistentes puede ocasionar problemas en el tratamiento de salmonelosis en cuyes y la presencia de un solo grupo genético sugiere una dispersión clonal.The aim of this study was to characterize 20 strains of Salmonella enterica at molecular level and antimicrobial resistance. Of these, 15 strains were obtained from infected guinea pigs and five from clinically healthy guinea pigs from two intensive production centers located in Lima, Peru. The invA, prot6E and fliC genes corresponding to the genus Salmonella and serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium, respectively, were detected by a multiple PCR technique. Genetic variability was detected using the BOX-PCR technique using the first BOXA1R. Resistance was evaluated using the Kirby Bauer technique based on erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, streptomycin, penicillin, enrofloxacin, fosfomycin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, sulfatrimetoprim and ciprofloxacin. Serotype Typhimurium was determined in 100% of the isolates. The evaluation of the electrophoretic profiles obtained by the BOX-PCR technique demonstrated high homogeneity, with similar DNA bands patterns. Strains resistant to erythromycin 60% (12/20), nitrofurantoin 40% (8/20), streptomycin 30% (6/20), penicillin 25% (5/20), and enrofloxacin 10% (2/20) were detected. The detection of resistant strains may cause problems in the treatment of salmonellosis in guinea pigs and the presence of only a genetic group suggests a clonal dispersion

Household, community, sub-national and country-level predictors of primary cooking fuel switching in nine countries from the PURE study

Introduction. Switchingfrom polluting (e.g. wood, crop waste, coal)to clean (e.g. gas, electricity) cooking fuels can reduce household air pollution exposures and climate-forcing emissions.While studies have evaluated specific interventions and assessed fuel-switching in repeated cross-sectional surveys, the role of different multilevel factors in household fuel switching, outside of interventions and across diverse community settings, is not well understood. Methods.We examined longitudinal survey data from 24 172 households in 177 rural communities across nine countries within the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study.We assessed household-level primary cooking fuel switching during a median of 10 years offollow up (∼2005–2015).We used hierarchical logistic regression models to examine the relative importance of household, community, sub-national and national-level factors contributing to primary fuel switching. Results. One-half of study households(12 369)reported changing their primary cookingfuels between baseline andfollow up surveys. Of these, 61% (7582) switchedfrom polluting (wood, dung, agricultural waste, charcoal, coal, kerosene)to clean (gas, electricity)fuels, 26% (3109)switched between different polluting fuels, 10% (1164)switched from clean to polluting fuels and 3% (522)switched between different clean fuels