Penerapan Data Mining dalam Menangani Kemacetan di Jakarta

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis akurasi Algoritma C4.5 dalam mendeteksi Kemacetan yang paling sering terjadi di Jakarta, penulis mencoba menawarkan strategi menangani Kemacetan di Jakarta, dengan konsep Business Intelegencie(BI). Jurnal ini menawarkan modelpenerapan Angkot Sekolah online berbasis BIdengan MetodeCRISP-DM, Algoritma A*, TSP-BAB. Penelitian ini memakai Populasi dan sampel sebanyak 50 Responden. Hasil penelitian 1).Analisis C4.5ditemukan bahwa Kemacetan terjadi Pagi dan Siang, Jam 07:0008:00 WIB, nilai paling besar adalah Jakarta Timur Jam 07:00 WIB panjang kemacetan 10,45Km, kemudian hasil Statistik yang Mengendarai Kendaraan Pribadi 9x lebih banyak dari pada Kendaraan Umum, terjadi kemacetan. Waktu Pagi Jam 07:00–08:00 WIB dan Sore Jam 17:00 WIB panjang Kemacetan 10,45Km dengan tingkat Akuras tersebar dibeberapa titik kemacetan Jalan Raya Jakarta Timur. 2). Penggunaan Algoritma A* dalam mencari Rute terpendek efesien digunakan 3).Penerapan Angkot Sekolah online menggunakan Metode TSP-BABdalam Minimalisir Biaya Perjalanan menjemput Siswa dapat mengurangi macet, mengurangi kecelakaan, mengurangi waktu keterlambatan siswa, minimalisir ongkos perjalanan. Saran yang diberikan yaitu menjadi bahan evaluasi bagi Pemerintah dalam menangani Kemacetan di Jakarta, secara efisien, aman dan transparan

Performance analysis of wireless LANs: an integrated packet/flow level approach

In this paper we present an integrated packet/flow level modelling approach for analysing flow throughputs and transfer times in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. The packet level model captures the statistical characteristics of the transmission of individual packets at the MAC layer, while the flow level model takes into account the system dynamics due to the initiation and completion of data flow transfers. The latter model is a processor sharing type of queueing model reflecting the IEEE 802.11 MAC design principle of distributing the transmission capacity fairly among the active flows. The resulting integrated packet/flow level model is analytically tractable and yields a simple approximation for the throughput and flow transfer time. Extensive simulations show that the approximation is very accurate for a wide range of parameter settings. In addition, the simulation study confirms the attractive property following from our approximation that the expected flow transfer delay is insensitive to the flow size distribution (apart from its mean)

Effect of prophylactic corticosteroids on the incidence of reactions in newly diagnosed multibacillary leprosy patients [5]

To the editor: Leprosy reactions, including reversal re-actions and episodes of neuritis, are known to occur in leprosy patients most frequently in the first few months after starting multidrug therapy (MDT), especially in cases with multibacillary (MB) disease. Such reactions can lead to impairment of nerve function, and subsequent deformity and disability. That this can occur in leprosy patients who present without any nerve function impairment (NFI) at diagnosis is a discouraging phenomenon for both the patient and the doctor or health worker.It is an axiom of modern leprosy controlthat early case detection and treatment with MDT can prevent much NFI by halting the multiplication of the leprosy bacillus, and that this is the single most important activity in the prevention of NFI. [...]<br/

Effect of prophylactic corticosteroids on the incidence of reactions in newly diagnosed multibacillary leprosy patients [5]

To the editor: Leprosy reactions, including reversal re-actions and episodes of neuritis, are known to occur in leprosy patients most frequently in the first few months after starting multidrug therapy (MDT), especially in cases with multibacillary (MB) disease. Such reactions can lead to impairment of nerve function, and subsequent deformity and disability. That this can occur in leprosy patients who present without any nerve function impairment (NFI) at diagnosis is a discouraging phenomenon for both the patient and the doctor or health worker.It is an axiom of modern leprosy controlthat early case detection and treatment with MDT can prevent much NFI by halting the multiplication of the leprosy bacillus, and that this is the single most important activity in the prevention of NFI. [...]<br/

Sensitivity and specificity of methods of classification of leprosy without use of skin-smear examination

A 12-month cohort of 2664 new leprosy cases in Bangladesh has been analyzed to provide information about the sensitivity and specificity of two different methods of classifying leprosy into paucibacillary (PB) and multibacillary (MB), if the results of skin-smear examination are not taken into account. The two methods are: 1) a procedure based on counting skin lesions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) (&lt;6 skin lesions = PB, ≥6 skin lesions = MB); and 2) the 'Bangladesh method' (&lt;10 skin and nerve lesions = PB, ≥10 skin and nerve lesions = MB). In the latter system, any degree of nerve enlargement is taken to be a nerve lesion. The WHO method was found to be 89% sensitive and 88% specific at detecting smear-positive MB cases from among the cohort; the Bangladesh system, 92% sensitive and 88.6% specific. The WHO method did not detect 18 smear-positive cases as MN; the Bangladesh method left 13 smear-positive cases unclassified as MB. Several of these 'missed' (false-negative) cases had a high bacterial index. The WHO system of classifying leprosy cases as MB is simple to apply and has a reasonable balance between sensitivity and specificity. However, it must be recognized that the system will lead to a small but significant number of skin-smear-positive MB cases being treated with a PB treatment regimen.</p

Sensitivity and specificity of methods of classification of leprosy without use of skin-smear examination

A 12-month cohort of 2664 new leprosy cases in Bangladesh has been analyzed to provide information about the sensitivity and specificity of two different methods of classifying leprosy into paucibacillary (PB) and multibacillary (MB), if the results of skin-smear examination are not taken into account. The two methods are: 1) a procedure based on counting skin lesions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) (&lt;6 skin lesions = PB, ≥6 skin lesions = MB); and 2) the 'Bangladesh method' (&lt;10 skin and nerve lesions = PB, ≥10 skin and nerve lesions = MB). In the latter system, any degree of nerve enlargement is taken to be a nerve lesion. The WHO method was found to be 89% sensitive and 88% specific at detecting smear-positive MB cases from among the cohort; the Bangladesh system, 92% sensitive and 88.6% specific. The WHO method did not detect 18 smear-positive cases as MN; the Bangladesh method left 13 smear-positive cases unclassified as MB. Several of these 'missed' (false-negative) cases had a high bacterial index. The WHO system of classifying leprosy cases as MB is simple to apply and has a reasonable balance between sensitivity and specificity. However, it must be recognized that the system will lead to a small but significant number of skin-smear-positive MB cases being treated with a PB treatment regimen.</p

Close contacts with leprosy in newly diagnosed leprosy patients in a high and low endemic area:Comparison between Bangladesh and Thailand

Background: As part of a larger study of the role of close contacts in the transmission of M. leprae, we explored whether the proportion of newly detected cases with a family history of leprosy differs with different incidence rates of leprosy in a population. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed of contacts of all new leprosy patients diagnosed during a 10-yr period in well-established leprosy control programs in Thailand and Bangladesh. By our definition, a contact group consisted of the new case and of past and present cases who were relatives and in-laws of the new case. For a new case, the nearest index case was defined on the basis of time of onset of symptoms for the cases in the contact group, in combination with the level of closeness of contact between these cases and the new case. Three contact levels were distinguished. In Bangladesh these levels were defined as 'kitchen contact'; 'house contact'; and 'non-house contact'. In Thailand comparable levels were defined as 'house contact'; 'compound contact'; and 'neighbor contact'. Results: In Bangladesh 1333, and in Thailand 129 new patients were included. The average new case detection rate over 10 yrs was 50 per 100,000 general population per year in Bangladesh, and 1.5 per 100,000 in Thailand. In the high endemic area 25% of newly detected cases were known to belong to a contact group and were not the index case of this group, whereas in the low endemic area 62% of newly detected cases had these characteristics. The distribution of the nearest index cases over the three contact levels was comparable in both areas. Just over half of the nearest index cases were found within the immediate family unit ('kitchen' in Bangladesh; 'house' in Thailand). Conclusion: The results indicate that in a low endemic area a higher proportion of newly detected leprosy cases have a family history of leprosy compared to a high endemic area. Different contact levels and their relative risks to contract leprosy need to be established more precisely. In high endemic situations the circle of contacts that should be surveyed may need to be wider than currently practiced.</p

Close contacts with leprosy in newly diagnosed leprosy patients in a high and low endemic area:Comparison between Bangladesh and Thailand

Background: As part of a larger study of the role of close contacts in the transmission of M. leprae, we explored whether the proportion of newly detected cases with a family history of leprosy differs with different incidence rates of leprosy in a population. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed of contacts of all new leprosy patients diagnosed during a 10-yr period in well-established leprosy control programs in Thailand and Bangladesh. By our definition, a contact group consisted of the new case and of past and present cases who were relatives and in-laws of the new case. For a new case, the nearest index case was defined on the basis of time of onset of symptoms for the cases in the contact group, in combination with the level of closeness of contact between these cases and the new case. Three contact levels were distinguished. In Bangladesh these levels were defined as 'kitchen contact'; 'house contact'; and 'non-house contact'. In Thailand comparable levels were defined as 'house contact'; 'compound contact'; and 'neighbor contact'. Results: In Bangladesh 1333, and in Thailand 129 new patients were included. The average new case detection rate over 10 yrs was 50 per 100,000 general population per year in Bangladesh, and 1.5 per 100,000 in Thailand. In the high endemic area 25% of newly detected cases were known to belong to a contact group and were not the index case of this group, whereas in the low endemic area 62% of newly detected cases had these characteristics. The distribution of the nearest index cases over the three contact levels was comparable in both areas. Just over half of the nearest index cases were found within the immediate family unit ('kitchen' in Bangladesh; 'house' in Thailand). Conclusion: The results indicate that in a low endemic area a higher proportion of newly detected leprosy cases have a family history of leprosy compared to a high endemic area. Different contact levels and their relative risks to contract leprosy need to be established more precisely. In high endemic situations the circle of contacts that should be surveyed may need to be wider than currently practiced.</p

Sensory testing in leprosy:Comparison of ballpoint pen and monofilaments

The 10 g monofilament has been replaced by the ballpoint pen in routine sensory testing of nerves in leprosy control in Ethiopia. Results of sensory testing between the ballpoint pen and different monofilaments on hands and feet were compared. Ballpoint pen underdiagnosis of loss of sensation was defined to occur when the pen was felt and the monofilament was not. Differences were evaluated both for individual test points (test point level) and for the test points of extremities collectively (extremity level). An extremity (either a hand or a foot) was defined as having sensory nerve function impairment (SNFI) if a supplying nerve had SNFI, which was the case when sensation was absent in two or more test points in the area supplied by that nerve. At test point level, the percentages with ballpoint pen underdiagnosis relative to the 2, 10, 20 and 50 g monofilaments were 40, 21, 9 and 7%, respectively, in the hands, and 47, 30, 15 and 7% in the feet. Ballpoint pen underdiagnosis percentages of SNFI at extremity level were 32, 18, 8 and 9% in the hands, and 37, 26, 14 and 6% in the feet. The risk of ballpoint pen underdiagnosis appears to be higher in extremities without visible damage. In conclusion, substantial levels of underdiagnosis of sensory loss with the ballpoint pen were observed. However, the consequences for the prognosis of treatment with corticosteroids in patients with the more subtle sensation loss noted here need to be established. Development and testing of guidelines is a prerequisite for the use of the ballpoint pen