2021 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; First Aid Task Forces; and the COVID-19 Working Group

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation initiated a continuous review of new, peer-reviewed published cardiopulmonary resuscitation science. This is the fifth annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations; a more comprehensive review was done in 2020. This latest summary addresses the most recently published resuscitation evidence reviewed by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task force science experts. Topics covered by systematic reviews in this summary include resuscitation topics of video-based dispatch systems; head-up cardiopulmonary resuscitation; early coronary angiography after return of spontaneous circulation; cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the prone patient; cord management at birth for preterm and term infants; devices for administering positive-pressure ventilation at birth; family presence during neonatal resuscitation; self-directed, digitally based basic life support education and training in adults and children; coronavirus disease 2019 infection risk to rescuers from patients in cardiac arrest; and first aid topics, including cooling with water for thermal burns, oral rehydration for exertional dehydration, pediatric tourniquet use, and methods of tick removal. Members from 6 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence, according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, and their statements include consensus treatment recommendations or good practice statements. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections. In addition, the task forces listed priority knowledge gaps for further research

Nanotechnology advances towards development of targeted-treatment for obesity

Obesity through its association with type 2 diabetes (T2D), cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), poses a serious health threat, as these diseases contribute to high mortality rates. Pharmacotherapy alone or in combination with either lifestyle modifcation or surgery, is reliable in maintaining a healthy body weight, and preventing progression to obesity-induced diseases. However, the anti-obesity drugs are limited by non-specifcity and unsustainable weight loss efects. As such, novel and improved approaches for treatment of obesity are urgently needed. Nanotechnology-based therapies are investigated as an alternative strategy that can treat obesity and be able to overcome the drawbacks associated with conventional therapies. The review presents three nanotechnology-based anti-obesity strategies that target the white adipose tissues (WATs) and its vasculature for the reversal of obesity. These include inhibition of angiogenesis in the WATs, transformation of WATs to brown adipose tissues (BATs), and photothermal lipolysis of WATs. Compared to conventional therapy, the targeted-nanosystems have high tolerability, reduced side efects, and enhanced efcacy. These efects are reproducible using various nanocarriers (liposomes, polymeric and gold nanoparticles), thus providing a proof of concept that targeted nanotherapy can be a feasible strategy that can combat obesity and prevent its comorbiditie

Helping Disadvantaged Youth in Education

The Far North Queensland (FNQ) region spans a large, diverse geographical area: from small, isolated islands in the Torres Strait, across remote Aboriginal communities in Cape York, rural towns on the Atherton Tablelands and Coastal areas stretching from the Northern tip of Queensland to beyond the farming areas of Innisfail and Tully. The largest urban centre is Cairns with a growing population of over 160,000. The region incorporates the highest numbers of indigenous school students in Queensland, some of the lowest socio-economic areas in the state and the most difficult geographical areas in Australia in which to deliver a range of government services. In 2002, the Queensland Government released the White Paper Queens/and the Smart State: Edllcation and Training Reforms for tile Future (ETRF) outlining landmark education and training reforms focused on 19 actions to be implemented through partnerships between young people, parents, employers, schools, TAFE Institutes, universities and other stakeholders. The White Paper (2002) also heralded the introduction of new laws to ensure that all young people in Queensland would be earning or learning. This new legislation, the Youth Participation in Education a11d Training Act, 2003, and Training Reform Act, 2003 was scheduled to come into effect from January 2006. In July 2003, 20 schools in seven districts across Queensland commenced trialling the reforms. In July 2004, all Queensland Education Districts were required to develop District Youth Achievement Plans (DYAPs) and prioritise strategies to support young people between 15 and 17 years to remain in learning or earning. These requirements included the formation of DYAP Local Management Committees (LMCs) comprising a diverse cross-section of all ETRF Stakeholders who attend meetings on a regular basis and multiple learning communities. DYAP LMCs were to identify actions for new learning communities to facilitate multiple pathways for all young people and ensure they were successfully implemented. This chapter describes the governance processes used throughout the trial phase of the DYAP initiative. It maps the programme's successes against the desired policy outcomes and analyses the policy implementation in terms of academic literature including Considine's (2005) notions of new forms of network governance and 'action channels and .... sets of boundaries' (p. 13). Considine (200S: 13) suggests that new forms of network governance offer a robust model of public administration in that they can • respond flexibly to local conditions (Giguere, 2003: 22); • achieve lower regulatory costs by stimulating collective action (Ostrom, 1998); • reduce transaction costs associated with fragmented service delivery (Sullivan and Skelcher, 2002: 20); and • increase legitimacy through increased participation in decision-making (Rhodes, 1990; Walsh, 2001: Ill). Considine (2005) defines networks as 'the connections that express a social world based upon partnerships, collaborations and inter-dependencies.' (p. 4) and suggests there are three ways or 'domains' in which networks can influence policy and programme development. First, there are those networks generated through joint mandates or resource dependencies. Second, there are networks of individuals with organisational roles and third, are interagency or 'delivery' networks where diverse agents collaborate in 'the provision of a common programme or service' (p. 9). This third type of network, according to Considine (2005), 'implies a new regime of strategies and methods to create joint management and integration of services ... [where] members of the network co-produce in some way' (p. 9). The Far Northern Queensland districts' DYAP processes indicate a network of the third type

Surfactant-free single-layer graphene in water

Dispersing graphite in water to obtain true (single-layer) graphene in bulk quantity in a liquid has been an unreachablegoal for materials scientists in the past decade. Similarly, a diagnostic tool to identify solubilized graphene in situ has beenlong awaited. Here we show that homogeneous stable dispersions of single-layer graphene (SLG) in water can be obtainedby mixing graphenide (negatively charged graphene) solutions in tetrahydrofuran with degassed water and evaporatingthe organic solvent. In situ Raman spectroscopy of these aqueous dispersions shows all the expected characteristics ofSLG. Transmission electron and atomic force microscopies on deposits confirm the single-layer character. The resultingadditive-free stable water dispersions contain 400 m2 l–1 of developed graphene surface. Films prepared from thesedispersions exhibit a conductivity of up to 32 kS m–1