Institutional Arrangements For Articulating Land And Water Management In Peri-urban Catchment: Example Of The Metropolitan Region Of São Paulo, Brazil

The development of mega-cities exerts an increasing pressure on water resources in their peri-urban areas. Rapid changes in land use in these areas, characterised by the specific hydrologic functions they provide for the city, has resulted in increased pressures on water availability and quality. In the past, the traditional dual (urban/rural) focus of the institutions, their preference for sectorial legislation, and end-to-pipe technological responses have not been able to deal with these tensions in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, in the context of high social inequalities, uncoordinated metropolitan sectorial policies, and insufficient monitoring and control. New institutional arrangements based on democratic and territorial management of water resources are promoting a new vision on planning, and better integration on land and water management. Their efficient implementation may require a better definition of specific instruments to sustain economical compatible activities, facilitate metropolitan coordination and support the participation of the marginalised communities living on the edge of the city. 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Integrating Land Tenure, Infrastructure And Water Catchment Management In Sã Paulo's Periphery: Lessons From A Gaming Approach

Much of Sã Paulo's urban expansion is driven by the development of informal settlements on its periphery, which includes the catchment areas that provide important environmental services such as open space and catchments for drinking water reservoirs. In such areas, governance of land, water services and water resources, traditionally administered separately, are in fact interdependent. A role-playing game was built to explore the interactions between different actors (mayor, water company, district representatives and landowners of different types) in land tenure insecurity, water and sanitation infrastructure and pollution in the periphery of SÃ Paulo. An assessment of the game sessions revealed the different points of view of local and institutional actors about the main issues and the possible negotiation arrangements. Institutional actors misunderstood the hierarchy and diversity of community actors' preoccupations, which were related more to land tenure, access to public transport and other aspects such as health and education rather than to water and sanitation infrastructure. Institutional actors also failed to recognize how access to infrastructure and land tenure is shaped by power-based relationships. While community actors appreciated the game and felt that they had learned from the experiment, institutional actors were more critical. These discrepancies call into question the potential effectiveness of the legal, technical and institutional solutions that the institutional actors are promoting to address the pollution issue. © 2010 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).222543560Adamatti, D.F., (2005) Jogoman: A Prototype Using Multi-Agent-Based Simulation and Role-Playing Games in Water Management, , France, CABM-HEMA-SMAGET, Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Les ArcsAllen, A., Dávila, J.D., Hofmann, P., Governance of Water and Sanitation Services for the Peri-Urban Poor: A Framework for Understanding and Action in Metropolitan Regions (2006), Development Planning Unit, University College London, 126 pagesBaross, P., van der Linden, J.J., Introduction (1990) The Transformation of Land Supply Systems in Third World Cities, pp. 57-82. , in P Baross and J J van der Linden (editors), pages, Aldershot, AveburyBarreteau, O., Our companion modelling (ComMod) approach (La modélisation comme outil d'accompagnement) (2003) Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 6 (1). , http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/6/2/1.html, Vol No available atBellenzani, M.L.R., (2000) A apa municipal do capivari-monos como uma estratégia de proteçã aos mananciais da regiã metropolitana de Sã Paulo, PROCAM-USP, Sã Paulo, p. 204. , PROCAM-USP, Sã PauloBueno, A.K.S., (2004) A Lei De ProteÇã Aos Mananciais E Mercado De Terras: Um Estudo Sobre Loteamentos Clandestinos, p. 151. , Masters' thesis, pages, Instituto de Economia Campinas, Universidade de Campinas, BrazilButterworth, J., Jeroen, W., Introduction (2007) Peri-Urban Water Conflicts: Supporting Dialogue and Negotiation, pp. 9-23. , in J Butterworth, R Ducrot, N Faysse and S Janakarajan (editors), the Netherlands pages, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, DelftDaré, W., Apprentissage des interdépendances et des dynamiques (2009) La Modélisation D'Accompagnement: Une Démarche Participative En Appui Au Développement Durable, p. 384. , in M Etienne (editor), pages, Quae Editions, ParisDaré, W., Barreteau, O., A role-playing game in irrigated system negotiation: between play and reality (2003) Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 6 (3). , http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/6/3/6.html, Vol No available atde Soto, H., (2000) The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, p. 276. , pages, Bantam Press, Londonde Souza Flavio, A.M., The future of informal settlements: lessons from the legalization of disputed urban land in Recife, Brazil (2001) Geoforum, 32 (4), pp. 483-492. , Vol No pagesDouglass, M., The political economy of urban poverty and environmental management in Asia: access, empowerment and community-based alternatives (1992) Environment and Urbanization, 4 (2), pp. 9-32. , Vol No October, pagesDucrot, R., Gaming across scale in peri-urban water management: contribution from two experiences in Bolivia and Brazil (2009) International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 16 (1), pp. 240-252. , Vol No pagesDucrot, R., Barban, V., From re-vindication to proposition: capacity-building in negotiation about water management in peri-urban areas (2008), http://wwc2008.msem.univ-montp2.fr/index.php?page=proceedings&abstract_id=78, in Proceedings of the XIIIth World Water Congress 2008: Global Changes and Water Resources, Montpellier, France, 1-4 September, available atDucrot, R., ElaboraÇã multidisciplinar e participativa de jogos de papéis: uma experiência de modelagem de acompanhamento em torno da gestã dos mananciais da regiã metropolitana de Sã Paulo (2008) Ambiente E Sociedade, 11 (2), pp. 355-372. , Vol No pagesDurand-Lasserve, A., Informal settlements and the Millennium Development Goals: global policy debates on property ownership and security of tenure (2006) Global Urban Development, 2 (1), pp. 1-15. , Vol No pagesEtienne, M., (2009) La Modélisation D'Accompagnement: Une Démarche En Appui Au Développement Durable, p. 384. , pages, Quae Editions, ParisEtienne, M., Bourgeois, M., Souchére, V., Participatory modelling of fire prevention and urbanization in southern France: from co-constructing to playing with the model (2008), http://www.iemss.org/iemss2008/uploads/Main/S11-07-Etienne_et_al-IEMSS2008.pdf, in M Sánchez-Marré(editors), International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, Barcelona, Catalonia, July 7-10, pages 972-979, available at(2000) Plano Da Bacia Hidrográfica Do Alto Tiete, , http://www.dq.ufscar.br/Labs/biogeoquimica/qualised/qualised-files/arquivos/Plano_Alto_Tiete.zip, Fusp, available at, FUSP, Sã PauloGreen, K.C., Embroiled in a conflict: who do you call? (2002) International Journal of Forecasting, 18 (3), pp. 389-395. , Vol No pagesGulyani, S., Talukdar, D., Slum real estate: the low quality, high price puzzle in Nairobi's slum rental market and its implications for theory and practice (2008) World Development, 36 (10), pp. 1916-1937. , Vol No pagesGutberlet, J., Hunter, A., Social and environmental exclusion at the edge of Sã Paulo, Brazil (2008) URBAN DESIGN International, 13 (1), pp. 3-20. , Vol No pagesLei específica da Guarapiranga: contribuiÇões para sua compreensã e implementaÇã (2008), www.mananciais.org.br/upload_/leiespecificaguarapiranga_isajul08.pdf, Instituto SocioambientalPrograma Mananciais da Regiã Metropolitana de Sã Paulo, available atJacobi, P.R., The challenges of multi-stakeholder management in the watersheds of Sã Paulo (2004) Environment and Urbanization, 16 (2), pp. 199-211. , Vol No October, pagesJacobi, P.R., Granja, S.I.B., (2006) Monitoramento E Análise Dos Jogos - Agualoca E Teráguas. Negowat Project, p. 185. , pages, PROCAM-USP, Sã PauloKuper, M., Dionnet, M., Hammani, A., Bekkar, Y., Garin, P., Bluemling, B., Supporting the shift from state water to community water: lessons from a social learning approach to designing joint irrigation projects in Morocco (2009) Ecology and Society, 14 (1). , http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art19/, Vol No available atMacedo, J., Urban land policy and new land tenure paradigms: legitimacy vs legality in Brazilian cities (2008) Land Use Policy, 25 (2), pp. 259-270. , Vol No pagesMarcondes, M.J.A., (1999) Cidade E Natureza: ProteÇã Dos Mananciais E Exclusã Social Studio Nobel, p. 236. , pages, Editora da USP, FAPESP, Sã PauloMcGranahan, G., Mitlin, D., Satterthwaite, D., Land and services for the urban poor in rapidly urbanizing countries (2008), in George Martine, Gordon McGranahan and Mark Montgomery (editors), Poverty and Environment in the 21st Century, Earthscan, pages 77-98Moglia, M., Perez, P., Burn, S., Urbanization and water development in the Pacific Islands (2008) Development, 51 (1), pp. 49-55. , Vol No pagesMolle, F., Nirvana concepts, narratives and policy models: insight from the water sector (2008) Water Alternatives, 1 (1), pp. 131-156. , Vol No pagesPayne, G., (2002) Land, Rights and Innovation: Improving Tenure Security for the Urban Poor, p. 228. , pages, ITDG Publishing, LondonPayne, G., Land tenure and property rights: an introduction (2004) Habitat International, 28 (2), pp. 167-179. , Vol No pagesPorto, M., Sustaining urban water supplies: the metropolitan region of Sã Paulo, Brazil (1999), Keynote lecture at the Ninth Stockholm Water Symposium, Urban Stability through Integrated Water-related Issues Management, Stockholm, August 8-14Porto, M., (2003) Recursos hídricos e saneamento na regiã metropolitana de Sã Paulo: Um desafio a tamanho da cidade, p. 84. , Banco Muncial, Brasília DF, BrazilRaj Gurung, T., Francois, B., Trébuil, G., Companion modelling, conflict resolution and institution-building: sharing irrigation water in the Lingmuteychu watershed, Bhutan (2006) Ecology and Society, 11 (2). , http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art36/, Vol No available atRefinetti, M., Lucia, M., Ferrara, L.N., Tsukumo, I.L., A microbacia como unidade de projeto em intervenÇões de recuperaÇã e qualificaÇã urbano-ambiental na área de mananciais da regiã metropolitana de Sã Paulo (2007), http://tietevivo.wordpress.com/microbacias/, Fórum De Difusã Científica Para InovaÇões De Pesquisa E Extensã - Ciência, AÇã Social & Sustentabilidade Da Bacia Hidrográfica Do Alto Tietê, available atTorres, H., Alves, H., Oliveira, M.A.D., Sã Paulo peri-urban dynamics: some social causes and environmental consequences (2007) Environment and Urbanization, 19 (1), pp. 207-223. , Vol No April, pagesTorres, L., Pablo, L.M., Sanchez, R., Garcia Uriza, B.I., Mexico City: the integration of urban agriculture to contain urban sprawl (2000) Growing Cities, Growing Food: Urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda, pp. 263-390. , in Nico Bakker, M Dubelling, S Gundel, U Sabel-Koshella and H de Zeeuw (editors), pages, DSE, ZELvan Gelder, J.-L., Feeling and thinking: quantifying the relationship between perceived tenure security and housing improvement in an informal neighbourhood in Buenos Aires (2007) Habitat International, 31 (2), pp. 219-231. , Vol No pagesvan Horen, B., Developing community-based watershed management in Greater Sã Paulo: the case of Santo Andre (2001) Environment and Urbanization, 13 (1), pp. 209-222. , Vol No April, pagesWinayantia, L., Lang, H.C., Provision of urban services in an informal settlement: a case study of Kampung Penas Tanggul, Jakarta (2004) Habitat International, 28 (1), pp. 41-65. , Vol No pagesXavier Barros, J., Urban growth in Latin American cities: exploring urban dynamics through agents-based simulation (2004), Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, University College London, 209 page

Estimation Of Resources Allocation For A System Of Environmental Services Payment In The Brazilian Amazon Rainforest [estimativa De Aporte De Recursos Para Um Sistema De Pagamento Por Serviços Ambientais Na Floresta Amazônica Brasileira]

This paper offers an appraisal of a mechanism of Payments for Environmental Services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. The estimates were performed for two regions: the Arc of Deforestation and the Legal Amazon. The estimates were based on a cost of opportunity of R$ 123.00 per hectare and the definition of the eligible public was based on the area and the income generated by the farms in these two areas.122223239+405Araújo, L.M., Silva, T.M., Nascimento, E.R., Análise dos focos de calor em áreas florestais ao longo do Arco do Desmatamento (2007) Anais, , In: Simpósio Brasileiro De Sensoriamento Remoto, 13, 2007 Florianópolis, SC Florianópolis, SC: INPE(1965) Lei n°4.771 de 15 de setembro de 1965, , Brasil, Institui o novo Código Florestal. Brasília, DFFearnside, P.M., Desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira: história, índices e conseqüências (2005) Megadiversidade, 1 (1), pp. 113-123(2007) Novo retrato da agricultura familiar: o Brasil redescoberto, , http://www.rlc.fao.org/proyecto/brazil/censo.pdf, Guanziroli, C.E., (Coord.)., Brasília, DF: FAO/INCRA, 2000. (Projeto de cooperação técnica, INCRA/FAO)., Disponível em: Acesso em: 24 setGusmão, A.V.P., Problemas ambientais globais e a compensação por serviços ambientais como alternativa para a proteção do capital social e ecológico (2007) Jus Navigandi, 9 (589). , http://jus2.uol.com.br/doutrina/texto.asp?id=6341, Disponível em: Acesso em: 24 abr 2005Hall, A., Agrarian crisis in Brazilian Amazonia: the Grande Carajás Programme (1987) Journal of Development Studies, 23 (4), pp. 522-552Hecht, S.B., The sacred cow in the Green Hell: livestock and rorest conversion in the Brazilian Amazon (1989) The Ecologist, 19 (6), pp. 229-234. , nov.-decIanni, O., (1979) Ditadura e agricultura, , Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira(2007) Geodésia, , http://www.ibge.gov.br, Instituto Brasileiro De Geografia E Estatística - IBGE. Disponível em: 2007. Acesso em: 10 out(2007) Diversas estatísticas, , www.inpe.br, Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Espaciais - Inpe. 2007. Disponível em: Acesso em: 10 out(2007) Desmatamento, , www.ibama.gov.br, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis - IBAMA. Disponível em: Acesso em 24 set. 2007Kiersch, B., (2007) Pago por servicios ambientales em manejo de cuencas: el debate continua. 2005, , http://www.fao.org/regional/lamerica/redes/redlach/boletines/rev2.1.pdf, Disponível em: Acesso em: 11 abrMahar, D.J., (1989) Government Policies and Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon Region, , Washington, DC: The World BankMargulis, S., (2007) Causas do desmatamento da Amazônia Brasileira. 2003, , http://www.amazonia.org.br/arquivos/79104.pdf, Disponível em: Acesso em: 25 outMayrand, K., Paquin, M., (2007) Pago por servicios ambientales: estudio y evaluación de esquemas vigentes, , http://biodiversityeconomics.org/document.rm?id=978, Montreal: Unisféra International Centre, 2004. Disponível em: Acesso em: 01 mar(2007) Base de Dados da Agricultura Familiar, 2000, , http://200.252.80.30/sade/, Ministério Do Desenvolvimento, Agrário, Sade. Disponível em Acesso em: 29 set(2007) Pesquisa de informações básicas municipais: perfil dos municípios brasileiros. 2002, , www.mma.gov.br, Ministério Do Meio Ambiente - Mma. Disponível em: Acesso em: 15 outPagiola, S., Landel-Mills, N., Bishop, J., (2005) Mecanismos baseados no mercado para a conservação florestal e o desenvolvimento, , Rio de Janeiro: Editora RebrafReydon, B.P., Schlögl, A.K.S.B., Henry, G., Produtos florestais não madeireiros da Amazônia: limites e perspectivas enquanto alternativa para o desenvolvimento sustentável da região (2002) Anais, pp. 1-11. , Congresso Ibero-Americano De Pesquisa E De Desenvolvimento De Produtos Florestais, 2Seminário Em Tecnologia Da Madeira E Produtos Florestais Não-Madeiráveis, 1, 2002. Curitiba: UFPRReydon, B.P., (2001) Impactos sócio-econômicos da expansão do extrativismo do Acre, , (Relatório de pesquisa)Reydon, B.P., Romeiro, A., Desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar e reabilitação de terras alteradas na Amazônia (2000) Reforma agrária e desenvolvimento sustentável, pp. 175-186. , LEITE, P.S. (Org.). Brasília, DF: Editora Paralelo 15Núcleo de Estudos Agrários e DesenvolvimentoMinistério do Desenvolvimento AgrárioReydon, B.P., A regulação institucional da propriedade da terra no Brasil: uma necessidade urgente (2007) Dimensões do agronegócio brasileiro: políticas, instituições e perspectivas, pp. 226-262. , Ramos, P. (Org.). Brasília, DF: MDA/NEADShiki, S., (2007) Proambiente. Payment for Ecosystem Services: from Local to Global. 2007, , http://www.uvm.edu/giee/pes/en/people/, Disponível em: Acesso em: 29 set(2006) Development international payments for ecosystem services: towards a greener world economy, , http://www.iucn.org/themes/economics/Files/IPES_brochure_0607.pdf, United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP. The World Conservation Union, Disponível em: Acesso em: 01 out. 2007Wunder, S., (2005) Payments for environment services: some nuts and bolts, , Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research - CIFOR. (Occasional Paper 42)Young, C.E.F., (2007) Fundamentos econômicos da proposta de pacto nacional de pela valorização da floresta e pelo fim do desmatamento na Floresta Amazônica, , Manaus: Editora Greenpeace (Relatório Final)Zilberman, D., Lipper, L., McCarthy, N., (2006) Putting payments for environment services in the context of economic development, , Roma: ESA (Working Paper 06-15

Paying For Environmental Services: A Proposal For The Chico Mendes Extractivist Reserve [pagando Pelos Serviços Ambientais: Uma Proposta Para A Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes]

It is known that the process of economical occupation, in the last forty years, it was extremely harmful to the environment and the traditional populations of the Amazon region, still persisting today the immense difficulties of reproduction of the families inside the forest. One of the principal challenges in the search of a Sustainable Development is the promotion of the economical development of the productive units, starting from the non timber forest products (NTFP), and, consequently, of the social reproduction of that population. It is aimed at in the present study to propose a feasible alternative of payment for the environmental services (PSA) promoted by the communities extrativistas, there is more than one century. For so much, it is looked for, initially, to accomplish a socioeconomic evaluation of the rural family production in Extractive Reserve (RESEX) Chico Mendes, in Xapuri-AC, in the sense of offering a coherent proposal with the needs of the studied families. It is used for so much own and specific methodology, for intermissions of measures and indicators of resulted economical, evaluating the evolution of the economical development of the last nine years in the area. The results indicate the decrease of the generation of income of products originating from of the NTFPs, demonstrating the difficulties of reproduction of that system and of the families, besides enhancing the invigoration of activities predatory of the forest, as it is the case of the extensive livestock, still accomplished in a rudimentary way. In the face of the levels of family reproduction, is calculated that the necessary minimum value for PSA would be US$13/ha, evidencing a necessary value and, at the same time, more appropriate front to the propositions of the average literature, that esteems values for the same services around US$ 50/ha.403489498Aaker, D.A., Managing Assets And Skills: The key to a sustainable competitive advantage (1989) California Management Review, 31 (2), pp. 91-106. , http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br, winter. Disponível emAllegretti, M.H., Extractive Reserves: A proposal for forest development Amazon (1989) Pará Desenvolvimento, 25, pp. 3-29. , Extrativismo vegetal e reservas extrativistas, Belém, jan./dez. (in PortugueseBatista, A.V.C., (1995) Extractive Reserves: Origin, Defence and Questioning, , Monografia de graduação, UFAC, Rio, Branco, Acre. (in Portuguese, with abstract in EnglishCavalcanti, F.C.S., (2002) Environmental Policy in the Amazon: A Study On the Extractive Reserves, p. 240. , Tese de Doutoramento em Economia, IE/UNICAMP, Campinas, in Portuguese, with abstract in EnglishChandler, G.N., Hanks, S.H., Market Attractiveness, Resource-Based Capabilities, Venture Strategies, and Venture Performance (1994) Journal of Business Venturing, 9, pp. 331-349. , http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br, Disponível emOur Common Future, p. 1991. , CMMAD, Editora da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 2. ed., Rio de Janeiro, in PortugueseCosta, F.O.S., (1995) Extractive Reserve - Sustainable Development and Quality of Life, p. 156. , Dissertação de Mestrado em Economia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, in Portuguese, with abstract in EnglishFasiaben, M.C.R., Estimated contribution of funds for a System of Payment for Environmental Services in the Brazilian Amazon (2007) Anais Do VII Encontro Da Sociedade Brasileira De Economia Ecológica, , Fortaleza. (in Portuguese)Fearnside, P.M., Amazon Forest maintenance as a source of environmental services (2008) Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências, 80 (1). , http://biodiversidadeacreana.blogspot.com/2008/03/amazon-forestmaintenance-as-source-of.html, Rio de Janeiro. 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