Informe de gestión consolidado

Repsol YPF és una empresa internacional integrada de petroli i gas amb activitats en més de 30 països i líder a Espanya i a Argentin

The fatal attraction of civil war economies: foreign direct investment and political violence. A case study of Colombia

Civil war acutely inhibits economic growth, according to a prominent set of civil war literature. However, recent scholarship observes that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), considered a central vehicle of growth, is entering countries with internal armed conflicts unabated. Furthermore, some civil war economies exhibit substantial increases in FDI during conflict. According to this scholarship, FDI enters conflict zones in spite of violence. This article contrastingly adopts a critical framework acknowledging the often violent characteristics of globalised capitalism. By analysing Colombia’s oil industry (the country’s largest sector of FDI), this article suggests that civil war violence can create conditions that facilitate FDI inflows. More specifically, this article posits that violence perpetrated by armed groups sympathetic to the interests of the oil sector – namely, the public armed forces and right-wing paramilitaries – have facilitated FDI in Colombia’s oil sector. In particular, processes of forced displacement and violence against civilian groups have served to protect economically important infrastructure and have acquired land for oil exploration. Moreover, civilian groups deemed inimical to oil interests have been violently targeted. By using disaggregate-level data on the conflict in Arauca, an important oil producing region of Colombia, this case study indicates that intensifying levels of civil war violence in areas of economic interest are followed by increases in oil production, exploration and investment

Informe responsabilidad social corporativa

Hidrocarburs ; EnergiaRepsol YPF és una empresa internacional integrada de petroli i gas amb activitats en més de 30 països i líder a Espanya i a Argentina. Altres títols: Informe social i Informe medioambienta

Real time energy management at Repsol Cartagena refinery Real time energy management at Repsol Cartagena refinery

Abstract The Repsol Cartagena refinery was the first one built on the Iberian Peninsula. It has an annual crude oil distillation capacity of 5.5 million tonnes, consisting of two main areas: one for fuels production and the other for lubes oil, asphalts, paraffinic and aromatic oils production. Repsol Cartagena is currently involved in an ambitious expansion project where 22 new units will be built to double the refining capacity. The energy system is based around five steam pressure levels, with four fired boilers producing high pressure steam, a cogeneration plant producing steam and electricity, and also a set of steam turbo generators producing electricity. Different potential economic trade-offs provide many challenges to operate the site wide energy system at minimum cost. For instance, the trade-offs among electrical power, steam and fuels networks. In addition, Kyoto protocol introduces a new motivation to calculate and reduce CO 2 emissions. This paper describes the tasks performe

Catalizadores de hidrogeno

Available from Centro de Informacion y Documentacion Cientifica CINDOC. Joaquin Costa, 22. 28002 Madrid. SPAIN / CINDOC - Centro de Informaciòn y Documentaciòn CientìficaSIGLEESSpai

2405_0507_baechle.qxd

In laboratory experiments we measured the saturation effects on the acoustic properties in carbonates and the results question some theoretical assumptions. In particular, these laboratory experiments under dry and wet conditions show that shear moduli do not remain constant during saturation. This change in shear modulus puts Gassmann's assumption of a constant shear modulus into question and also explains why velocities predicted with the Gassmann equation can be lower or higher than measured velocities. Background and experimental setup. Porosity is the most important factor controlling sonic velocity but our data document that pore type, pore fluid compressibility and variations in shear modulus due to saturation are also important factors for velocities in carbonate rocks. Most laboratory research on saturation effects has been carried out in sandstone, despite the fact that about half of the world's oil and gas reserves are in carbonates. Only a few studies had investigated the effect of saturation on velocity in carbonate rocks. Rafavich et al. (1984) conclude that porosity is the major factor influencing velocity and that pore-fluid type has no statistically relevant influence. In contrast, Japsen et al. The aim of the study described in this article was to further investigate the effect of saturation on different carbonates. We selected 30 limestone samples from Cretaceous and Miocene reservoirs with porosities from 3% to over 30%, and having different texture and pore types. Measuring sonic velocity under dry and saturated conditions on a single sample under variable confining pressure is an experimental challenge, because the sample might be altered during pressurization. To overcome this experimental dilemma we selected macroscopically homogeneous samples and cut them in half. Samples with nearly identical porosities (less the 2% variation) in both halves were used for this experiment. One half of each sample was measured first under dry conditions using variable hydrostatic confining pressure in steps from 2 MPa up to a maximum of 80 MPa and back down to 2 MPa. If, upon completion of the pressure cycle, no hysteresis effect was detected, the sample was considered unaltered and measured under saturated conditions. Otherwise, the second half of the sample was used for measurements under saturated conditions. The samples were saturated with degassed, distilled water for at least 12 hours under vacuum conditions to assure complete saturation. During the measurement, the pore fluid pressure was kept constant at 2 MPa. The same effective pressure steps as used in the dry sequence were measured. A single compressional wave and two orthogonally polarized shear waves were simultaneously measured at center frequency of 1 MHz. Effect of saturation on V P , V S , and V P /V S ratio. Gas-water substitution causes an increase in bulk modulus and in compressional-wave velocity (V P ). In we exclude the bulk moduli stiffening effect, then the increased bulk density due to water-filled pores slightly reduces both the shear-wave velocity (V S ) and V P . This density effect solely does not change the V P /V S ratio Many compressional velocities of our water-saturated samples are higher than the dry samples, and most shearwave velocities decrease in the saturated samples

Proyecto hispano-frances Ecors-Pirineos

Centro de Informacion y Documentacion Cientifica (CINDOC). C/Joaquin Costa, 22. 28002 Madrid. SPAIN / CINDOC - Centro de Informaciòn y Documentaciòn CientìficaSIGLEESSpai