Weed Flora and Nutritional Composition of Cowpea Grains as Influenced by Some Pre Emergence Herbicides Application in Nigeria

Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo. State, Nigeria to the evaluate influence of some pre emergence herbicides application on weed flora and nutritional composition of cowpea grains. The treatments consisted of no weeding (control), Coda goldÒ at 1.65 kg a.i./ha, Galex at 3.0 kg a.i./ha, Pendilin at 2.0 kg a.i./ha, One hoe weeding  at 3 weeks after planting (WAP) and Two hoe weeding at 3 & 7WAP laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)  with  four replicates. The result showed that there were changes in weed flora composition of broadleaved weeds and grasses except sedges before and after experiment. For instance, approximately 52.38% of the weeds were broadleaved species and 28.57% were grasses before planting while about 38.1% of the weeds were broadleaved species and 42.86 % grasses after harvest. Before planting, annual weed species were 28.57% and perennial 71.43% while after harvest, annual weed species were 47.62% and perennial 52.39%. The result further showed that plot treated with herbicides had a slight increase in nutritional composition of cowpea grains when compared to hoe weeding and no weeding. Since, the herbicides used in the study altered weed flora composition of cowpea plant without having any adverse effect on the nutritional composition of the grains, they are recommendable to farmers for boosting cowpea production in Nigeria. Keywords: cowpea grains, nutritional composition, pre emergence herbicides, weed flora, DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/9-2-0

Effects of neem seed cake and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Soils of the southern Guinea savannah zone of Nigeria are low in organic matter content, inherently infertile due to intensive weathering and leaching caused by high temperature and rainfall. A field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ilorin, during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons, to determine the effect of neem seed cake and NPK fertilizer on the performance of sesame crop (Ex Sudan cv). Treatments consisted of three levels of NPK fertilizer 20:10:10, applied at 0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 and neem seed cake (NSC), applied at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a 3 x 5 factorial arrangement replicated thrice. Data were collected on soil parameters (some physical and chemical properties), plant growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves and leaf area) and yield components (number of capsules per plant, weight of seeds per plant and weight of seeds per hectare). The result of the study indicated that using the highest level of application of NPK fertilizer, neem seed cake and their combinations significantly (p<0.05) increased the growth of sesame plants, in the 2 years of study. However, the 100 kg ha-1 of NPK and 3 tha-1 and their combinations gave the highest yield and yield components of sesame during the period of study. The result of the study revealed that using high levels of NPK, neem seed cake and their combinations favoured vegetative growth at the expense of seed formation. Farmers are therefore encouraged to use organic and inorganic fertilizer moderately to prevent excessive vegetative growth of sesame

Performance of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) as influenced by 2,4 – dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and NPK fertilizer

The Guinea savannah zone of Nigeria is beset by increasing population and infrastructural development, thereby putting pressure on available land with rapidly declining fertility due to low organic matter content, soil erosion, high temperature and seasonal bush burning. Sesame is cultivated in this zone and the yield has remained very low, compared to yield in other parts of the world. This could be attributed to poor nutrient status and poor cultural practices used by peasant farmers. A field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, in a southern Guinea savannah zone in 2015 and repeated in 2016 cropping season to determine the effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a plant growth regulator and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of sesame. The experiment was laid out as a factorial arrangement, fitted into a randomized complete block design replicated thrice. The factors imposed were 2,4-D (0, 5 and 10 ppm ha-1) and NPK 15:15:15 (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1). Data were collected on vegetative traits (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area) and yield components (number of capsules per plant; yield per plant and per hectare). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the Genstat statistical package 17th edition and significant means were separated by using the least significant difference at 5% level of probability. The result revealed that using plant growth regulator and NPK fertilizer had significant effects (p<0.05) on plant height (151 cm) and yield per hectare (530 kg/ha). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the seeds further reaffirmed the presence of bioactive compounds, such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which are important health promoting food in the seeds

Root rot fungi succession during cassava (Manihot esculenta. Crantz) tuberous development in different ecological zones of Nigeria

Root rot fungi succession during cassava tuberous root development was investigated in Ibadan (Derived savanna), Sabongidda-Ora and Onne (Humid forests) of Nigeria. Two improved cassava varieties (TMS 30572 and TMS 4 (2) 1425) and one local (TME-1) were planted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Isolation of associated fungi was done from tuberous and fibrous root samples collected at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after planting (MAP). Six species (Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Trichoderma harzianum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger) and one unknown fungus were isolated frequently from growing roots. A clear relationship was demonstrated between growth stage, location, fungal succession and root rot incidence/severity. During the two planting seasons of this study and also throughout all locations, fibrous roots generally supported more diversity and higher frequencies of fungal growth than the tuberous roots. Fusarium oxysporum was usually an early to mid stage colonizer of root tissue while B. theobromae was a late colonizer. Botryodiplodia theobromae and F. solani were normally absent or rare during dry season periods at 6 MAP but re-emerged when rainy season resumed at 9 MAP till 12 MAP. Fusarium oxysporum dominated during the dry season period at 6 MAP. In the trial, local TME-1 genotype was the most colonized while improved TMS 4(2)1425 genotype was least colonized. In Ibadan and Sabongidda-Ora during the first planting season, F. solani was the most prevalent colonizer while B. theobromae was the most prevalent in Onne