18 research outputs found
Influence of curettage on Esca-diseased Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc plants on the quality of musts and wines
Aim: A study on Sauvignon blanc (SB) cultivar in France showed that curettage had an effect on the resilience of GTD grapevines. No experiments, however, have been conducted on its effects on wine quality, particularly on white Sauvignon blanc cultivar wines. Methods and results: Grapevines from Sauvignon blanc cultivar that had expressed Esca-foliar symptoms were used for the study, with some of them having been curetted in 2014. Subsequently, bunches from Control (asymptomatic), Curetted and Esca-symptomatic vines were harvested in 2017 and 2018 in order to produce white wine. Technical and chemical results on both must and wine showed that wines from curetted plants were similar to those from asymptomatic vines. There were differences, however, for Esca-diseased vines, where the alcoholic fermentation of musts was faster than for the other modalities. Olfactometry results showed that, for the one-year-old 2017 vintage wines, no differences were detected, although they were for the 2018 vintage. Conclusion: The results of the chemical analyses and wine tasting showed that the wines from curetted and asymptomatic grapevines were similar, and that their quality was the same. Significance of the study: The quality of wines from curetted vines compared to asymptomatic ones was confirmed and validated through chemical and sensory analyses of the must and the one-year-old wines
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts as bioprotection in the composition of red wine and in the reduction of sulfur dioxide
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts have been used for many years due to their technological potential, particularly as a « booster » of wine fruity aroma in mixed fermentations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recently, a new application has emerged, bioprotection, which consists in colonizing the environment in the context of sulfite reduction in wines. The chemical and sensory impact of non-Saccharomyces yeast according to different modes of application in a context of fermentation without addition of SO2 was evaluated through trial with Merlot N. (Vitis vinifera L.). An effective niche occupation by non-Saccharomyces yeasts was highlighted during the prefermentary stages by Quantitative-PCR and MALDI-TOF MS identification. Chemical analysis (GC-MS and GC MS/MS) of finish wine showed the significant impact of the dose applications, with bioprotection characterized by linear esters and sequential application by acetates of higher alcohol contents. Moreover, a separation according to the species used in bioprotection was revealed. Finally, using a panel trained, the sensory analysis confirmed that the use of non-Saccharomyces yeast was a fruity booster in sequential inoculation and, to a less extent, when used as bioprotection. This study shows for the first time that the use of non-Saccharomyces yeast as a bioprotection has a significant impact on the aromatic profile of wines
Caractérisation de marqueurs volatils associés aux nuances végétales des vins rouges. Partie 3/3 : ParamÚtres environnementaux et composante aromatique végétale
Article dans une revue professionnelleDans un prĂ©cĂ©dent article (Revue des Ćnologues, n° 164), lâorigine variĂ©tale du 1,8-cinĂ©ole, en lien avec la maturitĂ© du raisin, a pu ĂȘtre Ă©tablie. Au sein de lâĂ©chantillonnage Ă©tudiĂ©, trois vins commerciaux provenant de la mĂȘme propriĂ©tĂ© viticole de lâappellation Pauillac, sĂ©lectionnĂ©s pour leurs nuances mentholĂ©es, ont retenu notre attention par leurs concentrations importantes en ce composĂ© : 1,04 ; 2,24 et 2,38 ”g/L. Les observations agronomiques rĂ©alisĂ©es sur la propriĂ©tĂ© viticole de ces vins ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© la prĂ©sence dâune espĂšce invasive dans plusieurs parcelles de vigne authentifiĂ©e comme lâarmoise des frĂšres Verlot, armoise de Chine ou Artemisia verlotiorum. Cette espĂšce peut ĂȘtre aisĂ©ment confondue avec une autre espĂšce dâarmoise Ă©galement rencontrĂ©e dans les vignobles, Ă savoir lâarmoise commune ou Artemisia vulgaris (figure 1). Une diffĂ©rence essentielle entre ces deux espĂšces tient Ă lâodeur dĂ©gagĂ©e par le froissement de leurs feuilles : A. verlotiorum dĂ©gageant une forte odeur herbacĂ©e et mentholĂ©e, Ă lâinverse dâA. vulgaris qui reste peu odorante
Caractérisation de marqueurs volatils associés aux nuances végétales des vins rouges. Etude du lien avec la maturité et le pressurage. Partie 1/3 : Approche sensorielle et analytique de la famille aromatique du "végétal" dans les vins
Article dans une revue professionnelleLe terme « vĂ©gĂ©tal » est trĂšs largement usitĂ© en Ćnologie pour dĂ©crire lâarĂŽme des vins rouges. Dâun usage gĂ©nĂ©ralement pĂ©joratif, il renvoie Ă des vins obtenus Ă partir de raisins de faible maturitĂ©, notamment au sein de la famille des Carmenets, ou issus de schĂ©mas dâextraction poussĂ©s au cours de la vinification. Cependant, cette notion sensorielle constitue un vaste sujet dans le champ des descripteurs, couvrant de nombreuses nuances aromatiques qui ne sont pas toujours associĂ©es Ă des dimensions pĂ©joratives ; câest le cas, par exemple, des nuances menthĂ©es et mentholĂ©es qui contribuent Ă lâidentitĂ© aromatique de vins rĂ©putĂ©s. En outre, la perception des odeurs vĂ©gĂ©tales, souvent opposĂ©es Ă la composante fruitĂ©e, intĂšgre des phĂ©nomĂšnes sensoriels complexes autour de dimensions perceptives et cognitives (Peynaud, 1981 ; Picard et al., 2015). De fait, les travaux conduits ont eu pour objectif dâapprocher cette notion par une considĂ©ration Ă©tendue de ses tonalitĂ©s et de ses origines, intĂ©grant ainsi des aspects sensoriels et molĂ©culaires. Leur vocation Ă©tait dâidentifier de nouveaux dĂ©terminants chimiques contributeurs aux nuances spĂ©cifiques de cette famille dâodeur qui devaient, par lĂ mĂȘme, permettre dâaboutir Ă des recommandations aptes Ă soutenir les professionnels de la filiĂšre. Aussi, le point de dĂ©part de notre dĂ©marche sâest situĂ© autour de la dĂ©finition, dans le champ lexical des descripteurs, des rĂ©alitĂ©s olfactives recouvertes par le terme « vĂ©gĂ©tal » avant de sâĂ©tendre Ă une confrontation entre les observations sensorielles et les donnĂ©es analytiques des principales molĂ©cules odorantes connues. Par la suite, un travail de caractĂ©risation de composĂ©s « clefs », sâappuyant sur une combinaison dâapproches sensorielles et analytiques, a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ćuvre par lâutilisation de techniques chromatographiques de pointe, mais Ă©galement par lâanalyse des propriĂ©tĂ©s psychophysiques des composĂ©s identifiĂ©s. Le prĂ©sent article, subdivisĂ© en 3 parties, relate ainsi lâĂ©tude de deux origines connues de ces nuances : la maturitĂ© des raisins et le niveau dâextraction par le pressurage des marcs. Dâautres origines, rĂ©cemment mises en Ă©vidence (Poitou, 2016) seront abordĂ©es au sein de cette revue sous la forme dâarticles complĂ©mentaires Ă celui-ci
CaractĂ©risation de marqueurs volatils associĂ©s aux nuances vĂ©gĂ©tales des vins rouges â Ătude du lien avec la maturitĂ© et le pressurage. Partie 2/3â: Ătude de la catĂ©gorie aromatique des vins de presse selon des approches sensorielles et analytiques
Article dans une revue professionnelleLes vins de presse font partie intĂ©grante du processus de vinification des vins rouges dont la singularitĂ© repose sur une vinification en prĂ©sence des parties solides du raisin (aussi appelĂ© « marc ») qui renferment le potentiel tinctorial et une large part de la sapiditĂ©. LâĂ©tape de macĂ©ration en prĂ©sence des pellicules et des pĂ©pins (exception faite des rafles) est indispensable Ă lâobtention dâun vin rouge riche et complet. Toutefois, cette macĂ©ration est ajustable en fonction des objectifs et du modĂšle de vin que souhaite atteindre le vinificateur. Elle peut ĂȘtre plus ou moins longue ou plus ou moins intense dans les procĂ©dĂ©s mis en Ćuvre. Toutefois, le raisin nâest pas uniquement constituĂ© dâĂ©lĂ©ments qualitatifs pour le vin. Certaines substances amĂšres, astringentes ou herbacĂ©es peuvent, si elles sont extraites, conduire Ă une dĂ©prĂ©ciation majeure de la qualitĂ© du vin rouge. De plus, il est gĂ©nĂ©ralement admis que la proportion dâĂ©lĂ©ments qualitatifs est un indicateur assurant une distinction dans la qualitĂ© des raisins. Tout lâart de la vinification des vins rouges se cristallise en fait dans lâestimation de cette portion qualitative et dans la juste conduite de la macĂ©ration pour tirer profit, au maximum, de ce que le raisin est en mesure dâoffrir. Il serait vain dâimaginer pouvoir appliquer les mĂȘmes itinĂ©raires techniques Ă des raisins ordinaires, de maturitĂ© faible ou moyenne, quâĂ des raisins dont le potentiel est la signature du grand terroir dont ils sont issus. Cela fait dire Ă Peynaud (1988) que « le vin nâest pas tout le raisin ; il nâen reprĂ©sente que la meilleure part » et il ajoute, avec autant de caustique que dâexactitude, que « les chefs de caves que jâappelle lessiveurs vous Ă©puisent un marc jusquâĂ la cordeâ; ils entraĂźnent lâamer et lâastringent avec le vin de goutte et vous livrent des vins de presse lavĂ©s, dĂ©charnĂ©s, et finalement inutilisables ». Ă lâinverse du vin de goutte obtenu par gravitĂ©, le vin de presse rĂ©sulte dâune action mĂ©canique sur le marc qui permet de rĂ©cupĂ©rer le vin qui lâimprĂšgne. Il est le regroupement du vin interstitiel, facile Ă sĂ©parer et relativement proche du vin de goutte, et du vin qui imbibe directement les tissus du marc. Dans le Bordelais, il reprĂ©sente une part non nĂ©gligeable du volume total, autour de 15 %. Dâun point de vue technique, le pressurage peut ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ© par diffĂ©rents types de pressoirâ: verticaux, horizontaux, pneumatiques ou continus. Depuis ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, le pressurage pneumatique a largement supplantĂ© les autres dans les majoritĂ©s des cas. Il assure, par lâintermĂ©diaire dâune membrane, des cycles alternant des phases de montĂ©e en pression avec des phases dâĂ©miettage. Le cycle de pressurage appartient, lĂ encore, Ă lâapprĂ©ciation du vinificateur, de mĂȘme les Ă©ventuelles sĂ©parations dans la collecte des jus de presse. JusquâĂ prĂ©sent, trĂšs peu dâĂ©tudes avaient examinĂ© les caractĂ©ristiques aromatiques des vins de presse rouge et analysĂ© les composĂ©s volatils associĂ©s, ainsi que lâimpact des paramĂštres technologiques de la vinification ; câest lâobjet du prĂ©sent article
Comparison of electron and chemical ionization modes for the quantification of thiols and oxidative compounds in white wines by gas chromatographyâtandem mass spectrometry
A rapid, sensitive method for assaying volatile impact compounds in white wine was developed using gas chromatographyâtandem mass spectrometry (GCâMS/MS) technology, with a triple quadrupole analyzer operating in chemical ionization and electron impact mode. This GCâMS/MS method made it possible to assay volatile thiols (3SH: 3-sulfanylhexanol, formerly 3MH; 3SHA: 3-sulfanylhexyl acetate, formerly 3MHA; 4MSP: 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one, formerly 4MMP; BM: benzenemethanethiol; E2SA: ethyl 2-sulfanylacetate; and 2FM: 2-furanmethanethiol) and odoriferous oxidation markers (Sotolon: 4,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2(5)H-furanone, methional, and phenylacetaldehyde) simultaneously in dry white wines, comparing electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) modes. More molecular ions were produced by CI than protonated molecules, despite the greater fragmentation caused by EI. So, even using the best reactant gas giving the highest signal for thiols, EI was the best ionization mode, with the lowest detection limits. For all compounds of interest, the limits of quantification (LOQ) obtained were well below their detection thresholds (ranging from 0.5 to 8.5 ng/L for volatile thiols and 65â260 ng/L for oxidation markers). Recovery rates ranged from 86% to 111%, reproducibility (in terms of relative standard deviation; RSD) was below 18% in all cases, with correlation coefficients above 0.991 for all analytes. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of compounds of interest in Sauvignon Blanc wines from a single estate and ten different vintages
J. Agric. Food Chem.
The development of an aromatic bouquet during fine wine aging depends on complex transformations occurring in a reductive atmosphere, favorable to the formation and preservation of sulfur odorants, such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and polyfunctional thiols. The aim of this study was to address their role in the occurrence, evolution, and perceived sensory nuances of the aging bouquet of red Bordeaux wines. These compounds were quantified in 24 wines and scored by a professional wine panel for the degree to which they reflected the aging bouquet olfactory concept. Partial least square (PLS) analysis, combining sensory and quantitative chemical data, predicted that DMS, 2-furanmethanethiol, and 3-sulfanylhexanol concentrations correlated with the typicality score, discriminating highly-typical wines from less-typical ones. Several vintages from three vineyards were then subjected to sensory and chemical analysis to determine how aging bouquet typicality and the intensity of five key aromatic notes (undergrowth, truffle, fresh fruit, toasted, and empyreumatic) evolved during bottle storage in relation to these three sulfur odorants. PCA analysis emphasized their combined impact on aging bouquet typicality and their contribution to undergrowth, truffle, and empyreumatic attributes
Antioxidant activity of yeast derivatives: Evaluation of their application to enhance the oxidative stability of white wine
International audienceMaintaining wine oxidative stability and reducing SO 2 addition remains a challenge in white winemaking. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of two yeast derivatives (YDs) with a specific composition: one was rich in reducing compounds, including glutathione (YD R), and the other was rich in lipid compounds (YD L). Both YDs were evaluated for their antiradical activity in model wine solution (by the DPPH method) and for their capacity to consume oxygen in model wine solution and in white wine. Antiradical activity in both matrixes and oxygen consumption rate in wine were higher for YD L than for YD R. However, the addition of YD R to wine limited the production of acetaldehyde and preserved glutathione content to a greater extent after wine oxygenation. The sensory analysis confirmed that both YDs, in particular YD L , limited the occurrence of oxidation off-odours when no SO 2 was added. These data suggest that the use of YDs could be effectively implemented in low-sulfite winemaking in order to improve the antioxidant protection of white wine
Impact of Closure OTR on the Volatile Compound Composition and Oxidation Aroma Intensity of Sauvignon Blanc Wines during and after 10 Years of Bottle Storage
The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) of closures is a well-known parameter impacting the quality of Sauvignon blanc wines (SBw) within the first years of storage, but little research has been published on its long-term effects. The chemical changes in oxidation odor intensity in three SBw sealed with natural cork and other closures that had different known OTRs, ranging from <0.1 to 4.6 mg/year, were monitored over a 10 year period. During aging, free SO2 and 3-sulfanylhexanol loss, concomitant with increases in dissolved O2, OD420, and sotolon, were correlated with closure OTR levels. After 10 years of aging, sensory analysis was conducted, supported by additional chemical analysis of aroma impact markers, including methional, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-furanmethanthiol, 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one, ethyl-2-sulfanylacetate, and hydrogen sulfide, as well as total SO2 and dissolved CO2. These analyses revealed that selected SBw were protected from oxidation over a 10 year aging period, provided that the closure OTR did not exceed 0.3 mg/year