Fertility Regulation

In the past two centuries the proportion of couples using some form of conscious pregnancy-prevention has risen from close to zero to about two-thirds. In European populations this radical change in behaviour occurred largely between 1870 and 1930 without the benefit of highly effective methods. In Asia, Africa and Latin America, the change took place after 1950 since when the global fertility rate has halved from 5.0 births to 2.5 births per woman. In this chapter we describe the controversies surrounding the idea of birth control and the role of early pioneers such as Margaret Sanger; the advances in contraceptive and abortion technologies; the ways in which family planning has been promoted by many governments, particularly in Asia; trends in use of specific methods; the problems of discontinuation of use; and the incidence of unintended pregnancies and abortions

Analysis of Difference Approximations to Delay Pseudo-Parabolic Equations

International Conference on Differential and Difference Equations and Applications (ICDDEA) -- MAY 18-22, 2015 -- Mil Acad, Amadora, PORTUGALWOS: 000391876600016This work deals with the one-dimensional initial-boundary Sobolev or pseudo-parabolic problem with delay. For solving this problem numerically, we construct fourth-order difference-differential scheme and obtain the error estimate for its solution. Further, for the time variable, we use the appropriate Runge-Kutta method for the realization of our differential-difference problem. Numerical results supporting the theory are presented