275 research outputs found
Export-led growth, real exchange rates and the fallacy of composition
exports, exchange rates
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Price Competition and the Fallacy of Composition in Developing Country Exports of Manufactures: Estimates of Short-Run Growth Effects
This paper studies whether intra-developing country price competition has significant effects on the short-run growth rates of developing countries that are specialized in manufactured exports. Regression estimates using the generalized method of moments (GMM) applied to annual panel data for 17 developing countries in 1983-2004 show that these countries exhibit a âfallacy of composition,â in the sense that a real depreciation relative to competing developing country exporters increases the home countryâs growth rate in the short run. The results also suggest that real depreciations for these developing countries relative to the industrialized countries are contractionary
Cosmological constant influence on cosmic string spacetime
We investigate the line element of spacetime around a linear cosmic string in
the presence of a cosmological constant. We obtain the metric and argue that it
should be discarded because of asymptotic considerations. Then a time dependent
and consistent form of the metric is obtained and its properties are discussed.Comment: 3 page
Lithium attenuated the depressant and anxiogenic effect of juvenile social stress through mitigating the negative impact of interlukin-1ÎČ and nitric oxide on hypothala...
AbstractâThe neuroimmune-endocrine dysfunction has
been accepted as one of fundamental mechanisms contributing
to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders
including depression and anxiety. In this study, we aimed
to evaluate the involvement of hypothalamicâpituitaryâadre
nal (HPA) axis, interleukin-1b, and nitrergic system in mediating
the negative behavioral impacts of juvenile social isolation
stress (SIS) in male mice. We also investigated the
possible protective effects of lithium on behavioral and neurochemical
changes in socially isolated animals. Results
showed that experiencing 4-weeks of juvenile SIS provoked
depressive and anxiety-like behaviors that were associated
with hyper responsiveness of HPA axis, upregulation of
interleukin-1b, and nitric oxide (NO) overproduction in the
pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus. Administration of
lithium (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the depressant
and anxiogenic effects of SIS in behavioral tests. Lithium
also restored the negative effects of SIS on cortical and hippocampal
interleukin-1b and NO as well as HPA axis deregulation.
Unlike the neutralizing effects of L-arginine (NO
precursor), administration of L-NAME (3 mg/kg) and
aminoguanidine (20 mg/kg) potentiated the positive effects
of lithium on the behavioral and neurochemical profile of
isolated mice. In conclusion, our results revealed that juvenile
SIS-induced behavioral deficits are associated with
abnormalities in HPA-immune function. Also, we suggest
that alleviating effects of lithium on behavioral profile
of isolated mice may be partly mediated by mitigating
the negative impact of NO on HPA-immune function.
ïżœ 2015 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserve
Air-water two-phase flow modeling of turbulent surf and swash zone wave motions
Wave breaking and wave runup/rundown have a major influence on nearshore hydrodynamics, morphodynamics and beach evolution. In the case of wave breaking, there is significant mixing of air and water at the wave crest, along with relatively high kinetic energy, so prediction of the free surface is complicated. Most hydrodynamic studies of surf and swash zone are derived from single-phase flow, in which the role of air is ignored. Two-phase flow modeling, consisting of both phases of water and air, may be a good alternative numerical modeling approach for simulating nearshore hydrodynamics and, consequently, sediment transport. A two-phase flow tool can compute more realistically the shape of the free surface, while the effects of air are accounted for. This paper used models based on two-dimensional, two-phase Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, the Volume-Of-Fluid surface capturing technique and different turbulence closure models, i.e., k-Δ, k-Ï and Re-Normalized Group (RNG). Our numerical results were compared with the available experimental data. Comparison of the employed method with a model not utilizing a two-phase flow modeling demonstrates that including the air phase leads to improvement in simulation of wave characteristics, especially in the vicinity of the breaking point. The numerical results revealed that the RNG turbulence model yielded better predictions of nearshore zone hydrodynamics, although the k-Δ model also gave satisfactory predictions. The model provides new insights for the wave, turbulence and means flow structure in the surf and swash zones
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