The AGN and Gas Disk in the Low Surface Brightness Galaxy PGC045080

We present radio observations and optical spectroscopy of the giant low surface brightness (LSB) galaxy PGC 045080 (or 1300+0144). PGC 045080 is a moderately distant galaxy having a highly inclined optical disk and massive HI gas content. Radio continuum observations of the galaxy were carried out at 320 MHz, 610 MHz and 1.4 GHz. Continuum emission was detected and mapped in the galaxy. The emission appears extended over the inner disk at all three frequencies. At 1.4 GHz and 610 MHz it appears to have two distinct lobes. We also did optical spectroscopy of the galaxy nucleus; the spectrum did not show any strong emission lines associated with AGN activity but the presence of a weak AGN cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, comparison of the H$\alpha$ flux and radio continuum at 1.4 GHz suggests that a significant fraction of the emission is non-thermal in nature. Hence we conclude that a weak or hidden AGN may be present in PGC 045080. The extended radio emission represents lobes/jets from the AGN. These observations show that although LSB galaxies are metal poor and have very little star formation, their centers can host significant AGN activity. We also mapped the HI gas disk and velocity field in PGC 045080. The HI disk extends well beyond the optical disk and appears warped. In the HI intensity maps, the disk appears distinctly lopsided. The velocity field is disturbed on the lopsided side of the disk but is fairly uniform in the other half. We derived the HI rotation curve for the galaxy from the velocity field. The rotation curve has a flat rotation speed of ~ 190 km/s.Comment: Paper contains 14 figures and 4 tables. Figures 8, 10 (color) and 13 supplied separately. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Menopause rating scale: a simple tool for assessment of climacteric symptoms

Background: Menopause is a physiological event, a unique stage of a female reproductive system and transition in life that occurs in all women who reach midlife. The clinical consequence of menopause is due to estrogen deficiency. Some of menopausal symptoms experienced by these women can be severe enough to affect their normal lifestyle. Unfortunately, majority of these women are not aware of the changes brought about by menopause. Objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of different menopausal symptoms and their severity according to menopause rating scale and their impact on quality of life.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted by the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Yenopaya Medical College, Mangalore between June 2020 to August 2020. A total of 210 women who are between the age of 40 and 65 years who had their last menstrual period of at least 1 year ago and were included in the study.Results: In the study majority of subjects were in the age group 46 to 50 years (42.9%). In the study there was significant association between general health and hot flushes, heart discomfort, depressive mood, irritability, physical and mental exhaustion, bladder problems and joint and muscular pain. There was no significant association between general health and sleep problem, anxiety, sexual problems and dryness of vagina.Conclusion: The menopausal rating scale can be used an effective tool while examining the patients for menopausal symptoms. Regular screening of such women can make a huge difference, and their quality of life can be improved

A Study on Customers Attitude Towards Advertising Media with Special Reference to Coimbatore City

Advertising is a measure of the growth of civilization and an indication of the striving of the human race for betterment and perfection. An assessment of the role of advertising in the economic system includes its role as a guide to prospective buyers for innovative products and services, for creating autonomous and derived demand among consumers, for facilitating them to make product differentiation and in the creation of higher propensity to consume such items besides providing financial support to the media. Media effects of advertising are visible from its influence on the efficiency of production and distribution, lowering of prices, economic well-being, improvements in the product quality and finally in its contribution to the national income. It also helps people and organizations to find each other and create or sustain thousands of jobs, both in advertising agencies and in various promotion 1 and exhibition industries

Pregnancy outcome in patient who had first trimester bleeding in previous pregnancy: a prospective study

Background: Patient who had history of spontaneous abortion in her previous pregnancy is associated with adverse outcome in her present pregnancy.Methods: A total 63 pregnant women attending OPD and admitted in department of obstetrics and gynecology, Yenepoya Medical College, from April 2017 to September 2017, considered and outcome were studied.Results: Out of 63 patient’s majority (57.1%) of patients belong to the age group 21-29 year. Anemia was found to be very severe in 4.3%, severe in 10% and moderate in 30% patients. Maximum patients (45.7%) were with history of previous one abortion followed by previous two abortions (38.6%). The final outcomes were term livebirth 47 (74.3%), abortion 9 (14.3%), preterm delivery 5 (8.6%), and stillbirth 2 (2.8%) caesarean section (23.3%) for various indications. 19.23% had term PROM, 9.09% had PPROM, 5.76% had term IUGR, 3.84% term IUD, preterm IUD accounts for 9.09% and still birth accounted for about 1.92% which was term, pre-eclampsia accounted for 4.76%, malpresentation for 7.93%, total 3 cases of antepartum hemorrhage out of which  placenta previa accounts for about 3.1% and abruption for 1.58%, manual removal of placenta 4.7% and low birth weight 7.6%.Conclusions: Previous history of spontaneous abortion is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. There is increased risk of abortion, preterm delivery, need for caesarean sections and fetal loss which can be reduced by booking and giving antenatal care

A Study on QT Dispersion and Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction

INTRODUCTION : Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of ischemic heart disease. Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries, but third to AIDS and lower respiratory infections in developing countries. In India, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death. The deaths due to CVD in India were 32% of all deaths in 2007 and are expected to rise from 1.17 million in 1990 and 1.59 million in 2000 to 2.03 million in 2010. Although a relatively new epidemic in India, it has quickly become a major health issue with deaths due to CVD expected to double during 1985-2015. [ Mortality estimates due to CVD vary widely by state, ranging from 10% in Meghalaya to 49% in Punjab (percentage of all deaths). Punjab (49%), Goa (42%), Tamil Nadu (36%) and Andhra Pradesh (31%) have the highest CVD related mortality estimates. State-wise differences are correlated with prevalence of specific dietary risk factors in the states. Moderate physical exercise is associated with reduced incidence of CVD in India (those who exercise have less than half the risk of those who don't). CVD also affects Indians at a younger age (in their 30s and 40s) than is typical in other countries. QTc dispersion is an important marker that reflect variations of ventricular repolarisation and arrythmogenic potential. This study is based on various studies suggesting significant reduction in QTc dispersion after thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. AIMS OF THE STUDY : 1.To calculate the QT, QTc, QTd, QTcd in all patients with acute myocardial infarction. 2. To determine the difference of QT parameters in patients treated with thrombolytic agents(streptokinase) against those not treated with thrombolytic agents(streptokinase). MATERIALS AND METHODS : 102 patients admitted in KAPV Government Medical College Hospital, Tiruchirapalli for Acute Myocardial infarction were taken up for the study. All patients were followed for a period of 8±2 days during their stay in the hospital. The study group was chosen taking into consideration of the following criteria: INCLUSION CRITERIA : 1. Acute Myocardial infarction • Chest pain >30 minutes, • Chest pain not relieved by rest or nitrates, • ST elevation >1mm or 0.1mv in ≥2 limb leads ST elevation >2mm or 0.2mv in ≥ 2 precordial leads, • NSTEMI. 2. Treatment with Thrombolytic therapy (streptokinase) / without Thrombolytic therapy EXCLUSION CRITERIA : 1. The contraindications for thrombolytic therapy for those patients who were treated with thrombolytic therapy. 2. Drugs affecting QT interval eg. Quinidine, procainamide, tricyclics & tetracyclics depressants, astemizole, digitalis. 3. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Acute carditis. 4. Atrial fibrillation, Bundle branch blocks. 5. Prior coronary bypass surgery. 6. Serum potassium 5.0mmol/l. 7. Congenital long QT Syndromes. METHODS : In Patients admitted for Acute Myocardial infarction, a standard 12 lead ECG was taken at paper speed of 25 mm/s at admission and before discharge(day 8±2).From these ECG’s taken in all 102 patients the following parameter were calculated. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION : 1. Composition of the Study Population : A total of 102 patients were taken up for the study. Of these 56 patients were treated with thrombolytic therapy and 46 patients were not treated with thrombolytic therapy. There were 92 males (90%) and 10 females(10%),Anterior wall infarction constituted 49%,extensive anterior 10% and inferior wall 41%.There were only 6 patients with NSTEMI. 2. Age and QT parameters : The QT parameters were correlated among different age groups. The QT parameters showed significant variation between the patients treated with thrombolytic therapy and not treated with thrombolytic therapy, in age groups 40-49,50-59,60-69.The other age groups did not show significant statistical variation, as the number of patients was small. 3.QT parameters and Thrombolysis and Site of Infarction. The QT parameters were correlated among study groups and it was found that there was significantly greater reductions in QT parameters at day 8±2 in patients treated with thrombolytic therapy when compared with not treated with thrombolytic therapy. It was noted that anterior wall infarction show significantly greater QT, QTc dispersions when compared with inferior wall infarction. These differences in the QT parameters were all statistically significant. CONCLUSION : 1. There were significantly greater mean QT, QTc dispersions in the early hours of Acute Myocardial infarction. 2. Patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction showed significantly greater QT parameters when compared with inferior acute myocardial infarction patients. 3. There were significantly greater reduction in QT, QTc dispersions after treatment with streptokinase than without it. 4. QT, QTc dispersions are greatest in the early hours of acute myocardial infarction and fall with time and successful thrombolysis 5.These results can be taken into account in the risk stratification for malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmia’s and they are another evidence for the benefit of thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Anti Tubercular Agents Targeting: Decaprenylphosphoryl-Beta-D-Ribose 2’Epimerase-1

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is a major disease causing death every year 1.8 million worldwide and represents the leading cause of mortality resulting from a bacterial infection. Introduction in the 60’s of first-line drug regimen resulted in the control of the disease and TB was perceived as defeated. In 2011, tuberculosis (TB) remained the second cause of death from infectious disease worldwide. It mainly affects the poorest countries of Africa and Southeast Asia. In 2010, according to the world health organization (WHO), TB incidence and prevalence were estimated at 8.8 and 12 million cases respectively about 1.1 million among HIV-negative people and 0.35 million among HIV-positive people died from TB. Most importantly, one third of the world population is infected with latent infection and 10% of those infected people will develop active TB in their life. BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS SPECIES: The mycobacterium tuberculosis complex consists of Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanoum and Mycobacterium canettii, Mycobacterium capre, Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium pinnipedi. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the obligate human pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Mycobacteria are a distinctive rod shaped, non spore forming aerobic bacteria that share a common property of a lipid-rich cell-wall that avidly retains carbol fushion dye in the presence of acidic alcohol (acid fast staining). Mycobacteria typically measures 0.5μm to 3μm. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: With the ongoing progress in protein crystallography and NMR, structurebased drug design is gaining increasing importance in the search for new drugs. Modeling starts from the 3D structure of a target protein in order to construct molecules which are complementary to a binding site, in their geometry as well as in the pattern of their physicochemical properties around the molecules The present study relates to the synthesis of various aryl carboxylic acid derivatives and subsequent screening for their anti-tubercular activity. Due to several toxic effects of isoniazid, attempts were made to eliminate the toxicophore and substituting with a group contributing to the anti-tubercular action. This work also aims the same motive and the compounds were synthesized according to the developed and valid synthetic route. SUMMARY: 1. Decaprenylphosphoryl-b-d-ribose 2’-Epimerase 1(DprE1) a enzyme of OxidoReductase family is a critical enzyme for the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. 2. From the review of literature DprE1 was chosen for our study for drug design. 3.A database of 100 molecules with high potential of inhibiting the target possessing PDB ID of 4FDO were carefully chosen by making changes to the lead molecule aryl carboxylic acid derivatives. 4. The 3D structure of the molecules were docked against the 3D structure of DprE1 using the docking platform argus lab. 5. Three compounds with good Docking score (lower Binding energy) were selected for laboratory synthesis. The reaction conditions were optimized. 6. The Compounds were labeled as R1, R2, R3 were synthesized with satisfactory yield. 7. The purity of the synthesized compounds was ensured by repeated recrystallization and column chromatography.Further the compounds were evaluated by melting point and TLC. 8. The characterizations of the synthesized compounds were done by Infrared, Nuclear magnetic resonance and Mass spectroscopic methods. 9. The final pure compounds were screened for Antimycobacterial activity by in vitro method called Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). 10. The synthesized compounds were active at 25mcg/ml to <100mcg/ml, which are compared to that of the known anti-tubercular agents at 50mcg/ml against the MIC of known TB drugs. The synthesized compounds were lesser active than that of the standard TB drugs. Pyrazinamide: 3.125mcg/ml, Ciprefloxacin: 3.125mcg/ml and Streptomycin 6.25mcg/ml. 11.The synthesized compounds were subjected to toxicity prediction assessments by OSIRS software. The results are coded as a green colour which confirms the drug likeness. CONCLUSION: Our work concludes that our synthesized molecules are effective in inhibiting Decaprenylphosphoryl-beta-D-ribose 2’-Epimerase 1(DprE1) which is important for the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further structural refinement in the structure of the synthesized compounds will give new outlook to the development of promising molecules against the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Diagnostic Value of Immunomarkers in Cervical Cancer Srceening

BACKGROUND: Carcinoma cervix is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths and lack of screening is found to be the major risk factor. Hence it is important to use screening methods which have better sensitivity. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our current study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of use of immunomarkers like p16INK4a and Ki-67 in cervical smears with HPE as gold standard and to assess their sensitivity and specificity in relation to cervical cytology. METHODS: We did immunostaining with p16INK4a and Ki-67 in liquid based cervical cytology sample and cervical biopsy specimens for 30 patients. p16INK4a is expressed in dysplastic cervical cells. Ki-67 is a proliferation marker. In cervical smears (immunocytochemistry), p16INK4a expression was graded as 0-negative, 1-weakly positive and 2-strongly positive. Ki-67 expression was scored according to percentage of dysplastic cells showing nuclear positivity as follows (0-negative, 1-50% of dysplastic cells). In tissue sections (immunohistochemistry), p16 was interpreted as positive or negative and Ki-67 expression was interpreted according to the thickness of epithelium involved. RESULTS: p16INK4a showed both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and was positive in cervical smears of 81.8% of CIN I, 100% of CIN II, CIN III and malignant cases. All cervicitis cases were negative. All the CIN I cases showed weak staining, whereas high grade lesions and malignancy showed strong staining pattern. Ki-67 showed nuclear positivity. 54.5% of CIN I cases showed positivity in 50% of dysplastic cells. These associations were found to be statistically significant. The sensitivity for immunocytochemistry with p16INK4a and Ki-67 was 88.89% and 89.28% respectively, which were more than that for morphological interpretation in cervical cytology (77.78%). CONCLUSION: The use of immunomarkers in cervical smears has significantly increased the sensitivity of cervical cancer screening in our study. Hence steps should be taken to incorporate immunocytochemistry in cervical cancer screening in areas with better financial and laboratory resources

Effectiveness of token economy on behavioural problem among mentally challenged children in a selected special school, Salem.

This study was conducted to evaluate the Effectiveness of Token Economy on Behavioural Problem among Mentally Challenged Children in a Selected Special School, Salem. In this study Pre Experimental (one group pre test- post test) design was adopted. Setting of the study was CSI Balar Gnana Illam special school, Salem. The sample size was 37 and they were selected through Non Probability Purposive Sampling Technique. Behaviour problem was assessed through Conner’s Abbreviated Rating Scale (CARS). After Token Economy Intervention the collected data were analysed by using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The study revealed that during pre test, majority of the samples i.e.18 (48.65%) had severe behavioral problem, 12(32.43%) had moderate behavioral problem and remaining 7(18.92%) had mild behavioral problem. During post-test, most of the samples i.e. 15(40.54%) had moderate behavioral problem, 13(35.14%) had severe behavioral problem and remaining 9(24.32%) had mild behavioral problem. The mean pre test score was 18.54 ± 5.99 and the mean post test score was 15.49 ± 5.88, the paired ‘t’ test value was 2.93 at p ≤ 0.05 level. This indicates that the token economy was effective in reducing the behavioral problem among mentally challenged children. Hence the hypothesis H1 was retained. There was no significant association found between the pre test scores on behavioral problem among samples and their selected baseline variables at p ≤ 0.05 level. Hence hypothesis H2 was rejected. This study concluded that the Token Economy was effective, attractive, easy to carry, dispense and cost effective therapeutic intervention in reducing the Behavioral Problems among Mentally Challenged Children

A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Bibliotherapy on Self Esteem among Adolescent Girls in Selected Nursing Colleges at Chennai

INTRODUCTION: Adolescent period is a particularly critical time when many variables affect self concept and self-esteem. The adolescent experience appears to adversely affect self esteem; more sensitive about their appearance and how others view them. Thus, it is important to assess changes in self esteem between early, middle, and late adolescents. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To assess the level of self esteem among adolescent girls in control and experimental group. 2. To determine the effectiveness of Bibliotherapy on self esteem among adolescent girls in experimental group and control group. 3. To associate the level of self esteem with selected demographic variables of adolescent girls in the experimental group. METHODOLOGY: A Quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of Bibliotherapy on self esteem among adolescent girls .The data were generated by using modified Brief self-esteem inventory. Non probability convenient sampling technique was adopted to select 30 adolescent girls from each experimental and control group. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean pretest score 61.67 is lesser than mean post test score 72.30. This denotes the administration of Bibliotherapy was effective. The calculated ‘t’ value of 5.194 was statistically highly significant at p<0.001 level. The findings revealed that there was significant association between age and level of self-esteem. CONCLUSION: Bibliotherapy will help the students to improve their psychological well being which in turn will reduce the occurrence of mental health problem in their life

Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Various Extract of Seeds of Trachyspermum Ammi (L.) Sprangue Using Breast Cancer Celll Lines by Invitro Methods.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The present study to evaluate Phyto chemical properties of the various extracts of seeds of Trachyspermum ammi. To evaluate the IC50 concentration of ethanolic extracts of Trachyspermum ammi. To determine the apoptotic activity of ethanolic extracts of Trachyspermum ammi. To determine the gene expression of cancer DNA markers in MCF-7 Cell line treated with ethanolic extracts of Trachyspermum ammi. Breast cancer is malignant neoplasm occurring in females. It accounts for 23% of newly occurring cancer worldwide and represents 13.7% of all cancer deaths. In both developed and developing countries, breast cancer mortality and incidence rates are projected to rising continuously. In spite of advancing different types of treatments, the rate of breast cancer has not decreased yet. The report, by NCEPOD has shown that more than 1 in 4 patients died from the side effect rather than from cancer and patients are suffering from treatment related toxicity. Because of dangerous side effects and high cost of chemotherapy, usage of herbal medicine is on increased in large number of population. In search of new compound to treat breast cancer with fewer side effects, researchers have been evaluating number of medicinal plants. Since the medicinal plants have phyto constituents, which protects the plant from oxidative damages and the same phytoconstituents which when used in humans may have the same role. They have wide range of action such as antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, antimutagenic etc and they may act in different stage of malignant tumor by protecting the DNA from oxidative damages. They inactivate carcinogen by inhibiting the expression of mutagenic genes; they also inactivate the enzymes with activate the systems responsible for the detoxification of xenobiotics (Bravo, 1998) Trachyspermum ammi has been reported to show a number of biological activities in traditional medicine and it has been used as digestive, carminative, laxative, diuretic, stimulant and antispasmodics. Several investigation in the seeds of Trachyspermum ammi have been indicated to posses many activities like potent antibacterial, antimicrobial, anthelmintics, hypolipidemic, etc. Phyto Chemical Analysis The phyto chemical analysis of ethanolic extract of seeds of T. ammi revealed the presence of flavanoids, terepenoids, tannis, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, carbhohydrates. The acetone and aqueous extracts didn’t show the presence of flavanoid and terepenoids. The ethanolic extract revealed the presence of flavanoids and terepenoids which shows that it may posses anticancer activity and destroy cancer cells. MTT Assay: The MTT assay was carried out to determine the IC50 concentration of ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi.The effective IC50 of ethanolic extract was found to be 125 μg/ml. The effective IC50 concentration of ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi and standard 5-fluorouracil was chosen for further studies. Light Microscopy: Control did not show apoptosis, but cells treated with of ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi showed typical morphological features of apoptosis like destruction of cells, reduction of MCF-7 cell population, reduction of cell volume, loss of integrity of membrane which resulted in crooked and vesicle shape of the membrane and chromatin condensation. Fluorescence Microscopy: Apoptotic effects of IC50 concentration of ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi treated MCF-7 cells were further confirmed with the help of fluorescence microscopy. Control did not reveal any apoptotic activity. Cells treated with of ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi showed apoptotic activity. The presence of apoptotic activity shows ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi may have anticancer activity. On comparing with control group, both 5 Fluorouracil and ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi has produced DNA fragmentation in MCF-7 cells. The fragmentation of DNA indicates that apoptotis has occured. This shows ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi posses apoptotic activity. Gene Expression Cells treated with 5 Fluorouracil, expression levels of p53 was found to be increased and similar increase was observed in cells treated with ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi. Expression levels of Bcl-2 were decreased in cells treated with 5 Fluorouracil. Cells treated with ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi shows a decrease in expression levels of Bcl-2 slightly lower than 5 Fluorouracil. Expression levels of p53 and Bcl-2 indicated that ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi has anticancer activity. CONCLUSION: From the present study it may be concluded that, The phyto chemical investigation revealed the presence of flavanoids, tannins, trepenoids, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids. By MTT assay, The IC50 value of ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi was found to be 125μg/ml. The ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi posses apoptotic activity. The gene expression of cancer DNA markers in MCF-7 Cell line treated with ethanolic extracts of Trachyspermum ammi showed increase in p53 expression and decrease in Bcl2 expression