Generating Concise and Readable Summaries of XML Documents

XML has become the de-facto standard for data representation and exchange, resulting in large scale repositories and warehouses of XML data. In order for users to understand and explore these large collections, a summarized, bird's eye view of the available data is a necessity. In this paper, we are interested in semantic XML document summaries which present the "important" information available in an XML document to the user. In the best case, such a summary is a concise replacement for the original document itself. At the other extreme, it should at least help the user make an informed choice as to the relevance of the document to his needs. In this paper, we address the two main issues which arise in producing such meaningful and concise summaries: i) which tags or text units are important and should be included in the summary, ii) how to generate summaries of different sizes.%for different memory budgets. We conduct user studies with different real-life datasets and show that our methods are useful and effective in practice

Buddhist Ethics and Globalization on the Basis of Bodhicaryavatara

The topical theme of this paper explores the ethical principles of Mahayana Buddhism, based on Bodhicaryavatara(BC) of Santideva(7thcentury A.D.). According to him, only generation of enlightened mind (bodhicitta-intellect) and virtuous actions are not sufficient to attain the main objective i.e. Buddha-hood, the state of perfect enlightenment. But, for the fulfillment of this goal one must have to gain perfection to engage in the performance of six actions, termed as –Sadparmitas. It is necessary to stop present and future sufferings, and to bring eternal pleasure, for all sentient beings. For this self-attitude and behavior in everyday affairs towards other beings is necessary. Thus, the ethics in Buddhism is directly associated with theory of Karman (action). Here, ethics means not only pure observance of virtuous actions but also good performance of one’s own duty and good actions in all affairs. It means while we work and act must be abstain from negative thinking doing harm for other beings. Therefore, Santideva emphasizes on applied form of teachings of the ethical theory. According to him, who has proper vision and understanding can act, of the work of compassionate, beyond the ethical code of conduct prescribed by the scriptures as warranted by circumstances and conditions for the sake of others. Thus, the ethical theory is based on good or bad intention of mind of an individual. This is so as what is virtuous and non-virtuous actions are not so easy to understand because it depends on purity of mind. In fact, nothing is good and nothing is bad, circumstances and intentions make it so

Modulation of Proteostasis for the Efficient Intracellular Transport of the ΔF508 Mutant of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ΔF508 mutant (ΔF508CFTR) contributes to 70% cystic fibrosis cases, and it undergoes aberrant proteostasis, misfolding, intracellular retention and degradation. Targeting ΔF508CFTR proteostasis components has been successful in the partial rescue of ΔF508CFTR at the plasma membrane. Drug screening has identified correctors which rescue a fraction of the ΔF508CFTR at the plasma membrane. However, all these correctors are marginally effective and are not therapeutically viable. This thesis project used a systems-biology-based meta-analysis approach of gene expression induced by corrector drugs to infer their mechanisms of action, and this led to the identification of a group of genes that are commonly regulated by many of these drugs. These groups of genes were used to determine the networks/ pathways/ molecules that might be correlated with their correction. These include components of RNA processing, the cell cycle, ubiquitin ligases, and kinases, many of which have led to partial rescue of ΔF508CFTR when they have been depleted by RNA interference. Furthermore, two of these pathways are characterised here: the MAP3K11-JNK cascade and the CaM kinase (CAMKK2) cascade. Several members of these cascades rescued ΔF508CFTR. The MAP3K11-initiated pathway has a role in ER-associated degradation and plasma-membrane stability of ΔF508CFTR. MAP3K11 also appears to link oxidative stress and inflammation to intracellular proteostasis of ΔF508CFTR. Some upstream activators and downstream targets of MAP3K11 can also rescue ΔF508CFTR. Drugs that inhibit the MAP3K11-JNK cascade rescued functional ΔF508CFTR at the plasma membrane. Combinations of these drugs with the previously clinically studied corrector pharmacochaperone VX-809 led to a high level of correction of ΔF508CFTR, which was much greater than for VX-809 alone. Many candidate genes and drugs that are identified in the current study open the way to the development of the new efficient therapeutic agents for cystic fibrosis caused by the ΔF508 mutation

Towards a physical model for galactic rotation curves

Extensive and meticulous observations of the rotation curves of galaxies show that they are either flat or gently going up, but rarely decreasing, at large galactocentric distances. Here we show that the gravitational potential which would lead to such rotation curves arises naturally when the visible matter modelled as a collisionless Maxwellian gas is embedded in a dark halo of collisionless particles with a much higher dispersion in velocities