Total global neighbourhood domination

A subset D of the vertex set of a connected graph G is called a total global neighbourhood dominating set (tgnd-set) of G if and only if D is a total dominating set of G as well as GN, where GN is the neighbourhood graph of G. The total global neighbourhood domination number (tgnd-number) is the minimum cardinality of a total global neighbourhood dominating set of G and is denoted by γtgn(G). In this paper sharp bounds for γtgn are obtained. Exact values of this number for paths and cycles are presented as well. The characterization result for a subset of the vertex set of G to be a total global neighbourhood dominating set for G is given and also characterized the graphs of order n(≥3) having tgnd-numbers 2,n−1,n

Design of Turbo Trellis Coding Modulation Scheme of Rate 4/9 for Rician Fading Channel

When the fading channels are encountered during data communication, errors are likely to occur at the receiving end due to multipath propagation. Researchers have been consistently striving to develop Error Correction Schemes that can effectively handle these errors and ensure error-free data reception at the receiver end. Of particular interest are the Forward Error Correction Schemes that can be implemented at the transmitter end itself. However, the implementation of error correction coding through these schemes incurs additional costs in terms of bandwidth expansion, as extra bits need to be added to facilitate error correction. Fortunately, there exists one coding scheme called Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM), which addresses this issue. TCM selects a modulation scheme based on the rate of the convolutional coding scheme. However, this coding technique has limitations in correcting the number of errors, leading to the development of Turbo Coding. This scheme utilizes two coders at the transmitter, arranged in either serial or parallel configuration, and a suitable decoder at the receiver. A design of Turbo Coding scheme has been presented in this paper, that employs convolutional coders having rate 2/3, in a serially concatenated configuration, providing an effective rate of 4/9. This turbo coding scheme is then applied to TCM scheme in order to preserve the bandwidth. Therefore, if using the convolutional coding scheme of rate 2/3, the modulation scheme is 8-QAM and in order to preserve bandwidth after coding, using the Turbo coding scheme of rate 4/9, then the modulation scheme will be 512-QAM. The simulations have been conducted in MATLAB and the error correcting capabilities of the designed scheme in comparison with convolutional coding scheme using the constituent convolutional encoder have also been compared. It has been observed that in the Rician fading channel conditions, the Turbo Trellis Coding Modulation Scheme provides approximately 5 dB gain compared to the convolutional coding scheme

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Not AvailableEllagic acid (EA), a polyphenoloic constituent in fruits and nuts, has been shown to have antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary EA supplementation on semen quality parameters in chickens. Forty roosters (Dahlem Red breed), 28 weeks of age, were randomly assigned to four groups and fed diets containing EA at 0, 25, 50, or 75 mg/kg for 8 weeks. Semen was evaluated for volume, appearance, individual motility, sperm concentration, 3 -[4,5 -dimethylthiazol -2 -yl] -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye reduction test, and live, dead and abnormal sperm counts. The seminal plasma was separated and evaluated for protein, alkaline phosphatase, and lipid peroxidation. At the end of the experiment, blood from individual birds was collected, and serum was separated and evaluated for superoxide dismutase activity, lipid peroxidation, and ferric-reducing ability of plasma. Supplementation with EA had no effect (P > 0.05) on gross semen parameters. Seminal plasma protein and lipid peroxidation were different (P<0.01) between the treatment groups. The group fedEAat 75 mg/kg had high (P<0.01) seminal plasma lipid peroxidation and lower (P < 0.05) serum superoxide dismutase activity. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of EA in chickens had no effect on the gross semen qualities and increased lipid peroxidation in seminal plasma.ICAR-DP

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Not AvailableThe present investigation was undertaken (June 2014 to September 2014 ) to determine the effects of feeding low protein (16%) diets containing varied levels of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) and threonine (Thr) on performance, anti-oxidant response and immune parameters in Dahlem Red (DR) chickens. A total of 200 DR layers (25 weeks) were distributed into 5 groups having 8 replicates with 5 birds in each replicate. Five experimental diets were formulated i.e., basal diet with Lys 0.63%, Met 0.28% and Thr 0.43% (Diet I), Lys 0.68%, Met 0.30% and Thr 0.46% (Diet II), Lys 0.73%, Met 0.32% and Thr 0.50% (Diet III), Lys 0.78%, Met 0.34% and Thr 0.53% (Diet IV), and Lys 0.83%, Met 0.37% and Thr 0.56% (Diet V). The feed intake during 29-32 weeks was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the group fed Diet III compared to the group fed Diet V. The egg production during 33-36 weeks was significantly (P<0.05) higher among the groups fed Diets II and III compared to the group fed Diet I. The better (P<0.01) feed efficiency was recorded among the groups fed Diet I, II and III compared to those fed Diets IV and V. However, cell mediated immune response, glutathione peroxidise, glutathione reductase activities among the various dietary groups did not differ among the groups. It is concluded that supplementing Lys 0.68%, Met 0.30% and Thr 0.46% to the moderately lower protein based diets is sufficient in achieving the optimal productive performance in Dahlem Red layersICAR-DP

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Not AvailableAseel is an important native chicken breed of India, known for its martial qualities (aggressive fighting abilities), pugnacity, and majestic gait. The aim of the study is to conserve and characterize the Aseel germplasm, which is considered to be endangered. The birds were maintained on deep litter under a simulated backyard type of housing having night shelter and a free-range area. A total of 313 chicks produced in the second generation from the flock collected from native tract in Andhra Pradesh was characterized for morphological, growth, production, and meat quality parameters. Aseel birds were characterized by multicolored plumage (predominantly dark brown, black, golden, etc.) with solid feather patterns and normal distribution. Ear lobes were red (92%) and small in size, while 98% of the birds had red colored pea combs with variations in intensity of color. The shank color was yellow in the majority (65%) of the birds. The skin color was white (98%) with pinkish red coloration on exposed body parts, especially on the breast. The fertility and hatchability on total eggs were 67.2 and 41.4%, respectively. Cocks were heavier (P ≤ 0.05) with distinct sexual dimorphism in Aseel. The body weight of hens and cocks was 1,704.4 ± 23.2 and 2,702.5 ± 28.1 g at 40 wk and 2,333.7 ± 26.1 and 3,793.7 ± 20.8 g at 72 wk of age, respectively. The age at sexual maturity was 214.0 ± 6.0 days. The egg production up to 40, 52, and 64 wk of age was 18.0 ± 1, 30.0 ± 2.0, and 47 ± 3 eggs, respectively. The annual egg production (72 wk) was 64 ± 6 eggs. The proximate composition of breast muscle was; protein 21.5 ± 0.5%, fat 3.4 ± 0.1%, ash 2.0 ± 0.1%, and moisture 73.3 ± 0.5%. The pH of breast muscle was 6.0 ± 0.03 and the cholesterol content was 72.5 ± 6.7 mg/100 g. Efforts are on for improving the productivity in the flock without compromising the original breed characteristics.ICAR-DP

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Not AvailableThe effect of in ovo inoculation of vitamin E (Vit E) at 18th day of incubation on expression of Hsp-70 mRNA and body weight during post natal life at 6 weeks of age was studied in PB-2, a coloured broiler parent line. A total of 108 fertile eggs, 18 for each treatment were inoculated with varying concentrations of Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) with sham and un-injected control. The body weights at different Vit E concentrations were not significant at day old, 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks of age. The hatchability did not vary significantly among the sham control, normal control and treatment groups. The expression of Hsp-70 mRNA varied significantly (P≤0.05) between the tissues. However, varying concentrations of in ovo inoculation of Vit E had no significant (P=0.968) effect on m RNA expression. The interaction between treatment and tissue was not significant (P=0.257). The mRNA expression ranged from 40.62 in control to 40.0 in 25 μg treatment. The Hsp-70 mRNA expression in heart and liver was 42.93±2.38 and 41.76±1.87 in relation to the internal control GAPDH expressed in terms of 40-”Ct. The Hsp-70 mRNA expression was significantly (P>0.05) higher in heart and liver compared to the other tissues. Muscle expressed significantly (P>0.05) low levels of Hsp-70 mRNA. The study concludes that, in ovo inoculation of VitE has revealed positive trends though not significant in terms hatchability, growth and Hsp-70 gene expression. The Hsp-70 mRNA expression was significantly higher in heart and liver, the important organs involved in stress management in birds. The dose of Vit. E was not sufficient to elucidate any significant effect on Hsp-70 m RNA expression, which needs further studies with higher dosage to determine the optimum level of Vit E.iCAR-DP