12 research outputs found
Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of appressorium development by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
addresses: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.notes: PMCID: PMC3276559The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most significant pathogens affecting global food security. To cause rice blast disease the fungus elaborates a specialised infection structure called an appressorium. Here, we report genome wide transcriptional profile analysis of appressorium development using next generation sequencing (NGS). We performed both RNA-Seq and High-Throughput SuperSAGE analysis to compare the utility of these procedures for identifying differential gene expression in M. oryzae. We then analysed global patterns of gene expression during appressorium development. We show evidence for large-scale gene expression changes, highlighting the role of autophagy, lipid metabolism and melanin biosynthesis in appressorium differentiation. We reveal the role of the Pmk1 MAP kinase as a key global regulator of appressorium-associated gene expression. We also provide evidence for differential expression of transporter-encoding gene families and specific high level expression of genes involved in quinate uptake and utilization, consistent with pathogen-mediated perturbation of host metabolism during plant infection. When considered together, these data provide a comprehensive high-resolution analysis of gene expression changes associated with cellular differentiation that will provide a key resource for understanding the biology of rice blast disease
Understanding the interrelationship between the synthesis of urea and gluconeogenesis by formulating an overall balanced equation
Understanding the interrelationship between the
synthesis of urea and gluconeogenesis by formulating an overall
balanced equation. Adv Physiol Educ 41: 286–290, 2017; doi:
10.1152/advan.00180.2016.—It is well known that a strong metabolic
interrelationship exists between ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis. In
this paper, we present a detailed, overall equation, describing a
possible metabolic link between ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis. We
adopted a guided approach in which we strongly suggest that students,
when faced with the problem of obtaining the overall equation of a
metabolic pathway, carefully account for all atoms and charges of the
single reactions, as well as the cellular localizations of the substrates,
and the related transport systems. If this suggestion is always taken
into account, a balanced, overall equation of a metabolic pathway will
be obtained, which strongly facilitates the discussion of its physiological
role. Unfortunately, textbooks often report unbalanced overall
equations of metabolic pathways, including ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis.
Most likely the reason is that metabolism and enzymology
have been neglected for about three decades, owing to the remarkable
advances of molecular biology and molecular genetics. In this paper,
we strongly suggest that students, when faced with the problem of
obtaining the overall reaction of a metabolic pathway, carefully
control if the single reactions are properly balanced for atoms and
charges. Following this suggestion, we were able to obtain an overall
equation describing the metabolic interrelationship between ureagenesis
and gluconeogenesis, in which urea and glucose are the final
products. The aim is to better rationalize this topic and to convince
students and teachers that metabolism is an important and rewarding
chapter of human physiology