56 research outputs found
Fetal Testosterone Predicts Sexually Differentiated Childhood Behavior in Girls and in Boys
ABSTRACTâMammals, including humans, show sex differences in juvenile play behavior. In rodents and nonhuman primates, these behavioral sex differences result, in part, from sex differences in androgens during early development. Girls exposed to high levels of androgen prenatally, because of the genetic disorder congenital adrenal hyperplasia, show increased male-typical play, suggesting similar hormonal influences on human development, at least in females. Here, we report that fetal testosterone measured from amniotic fluid relates positively to male-typical scores on a standardized questionnaire measure of sextypical play in both boys and girls. These results show, for the first time, a link between fetal testosterone and the development of sex-typical play in children from the general population, and are the first data linking high levels of prenatal testosterone to increased male-typical play behavior in boys. Sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain occurs under the control of gonadal hormones, particularly androgens, during early development (De Vries & Simerly, 2002; Ehrhardt &
Groups and individuals: conformity and diversity in the performance of gendered identities
The nature and role of social groups is a central tension in sociology. On the one hand, the idea of a group enables sociologists to locate and describe individuals in terms of characteristics that are shared with others. On the other, emphasizing the fluidity of categories such as gender or ethnicity undermines their legitimacy as ways of classifying people and, by extension, the legitimacy of categorization as a goal of sociological research. In this paper, we use a new research method known as the Imitation Game to defend the social group as a sociological concept. We show that, despite the diversity of practices that may be consistent with selfâidentified membership of a group, there are also shared normative expectations â typically narrower in nature than the diversity displayed by individual group members â that shape the ways in which category membership can be discussed with, and performed to, others. Two claims follow from this. First, the Imitation Game provides a way of simultaneously revealing both the diversity and âgroupishnessâ of social groups. Second, that the social group, in the quasiâDurkheimian sense of something that transcends the individual, remains an important concept for sociology
Observations of the Sun at Vacuum-Ultraviolet Wavelengths from Space. Part II: Results and Interpretations
Bias resulting from the choice of sample and results of cross-national analyses of suicide rates
PATTERN OF SERUM THYROXINE, TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROTROPHIN AFTER TREATMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS
Biodistribution and tumour localization of radiolabelled monoclonal antibody during continuous infusion in nude mice and with human tumour xenografts
Plasma corticosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels increase during administration of nitrous oxide in rats
DIFFERENT MODELS IN DESCRIBING, EXPLORING, EXPLAINING AND NURTURING CREATIVITY IN SOCIETY
Unify and Merge in Fluid Construction Grammar
Research into the evolution of grammar requires that we employ formalisms and processing mechanisms that are powerful enough to handle features found in human natural languages. But the formalism needs to have some additional properties compared to those used in other linguistics research that are specifically relevant for handling the emergence and progressive co-ordination of grammars in a population of agents. This document introduces Fluid Construction Grammar, a formalism with associated parsing, production, and learning processes designed for language evolution research. The present paper focuses on a formal definition of the unification and merging algorithms used in Fluid Construction Grammar. The complexity and soundness of the algorithms and their relation to unification in logic programming and other unification-based grammar formalisms are discussed
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