Narcotics in Rheumatology

Patients with rheumatic conditions often suffer from related chronic pain. When first-line traditional medications such as acetaminophen and anti-inflammatory medications do not suffice, then other options are needed. The traditional medications may ultimately not provide sufficient pain relief, or alternatively, they can pose as a contraindication due to underlying hypertension, renal, and/or hepatic disease. Therefore, narcotics are an alluring alternative, which if used in a multidisciplinary and systematic approach to the patient, can prove to be quite beneficial in the lives of these patients

ADMINISTRAÇÃO EPIDURAL DE OPIÓIDES EM CÃES EPIDURAL OPIOIDS ADMINISTRATION IN DOGS

Os opióides têm sido utilizados em Medicina Veterinária há vários anos como alternativa para o alívio da dor pós-operatória ou traumática. Atualmente, tem-se dado maior valor ao controle da dor nos animais, visando a oferecer melhores condições de recuperação ao paciente traumatizado ou recém-operado. A morfina foi o primeiro opióide usado em animais. Mais recentemente, a administração dessa substância, por via epidural, vem sendo empregada no controle da dor com resultados promissores. Assim, nesta revisão, abordam-se vários aspectos referentes aos efeitos e às indicações da administração epidural de opióides em cães.<br>Opioids have been used for several years to relieve traumatic pain in Veterinary Medicine. The painful stimulus are implicated with delayed tissue recuperation of surgical wounds. Today, a great importance has been given to pre-emptive control of post operative pain in animals. Indeed, the use of epidural morphine, the first opioid substance used in animals, has provided excellent analgesia and good condition at the immediate post operative period. In addition, several aspects concerning the effects indications and forms of epidural opioids injections in dogs are considered in this review