The uses of coherent structure (Dryden Lecture)

The concept of coherent structure in turbulent flow is a revolutionary idea which is being developed by evolutionary means. The main objective of this review is to list some solid achievements, showing what can be done by using the concept of coherent structure that cannot be done without it. The nature of structure is described in terms of some related concepts, including celerity, topology, and the phenomenon of coalescence and splitting of structure. The main emphasis is on the mixing layer, as the one flow whose structure is well enough understood so that technical applications are now being made in problems of mixing and chemistry. An attempt is made to identify some conceptual and experimental obstacles that stand in the way of progress in other technically important flows, particularly the turbulent boundary layer. A few comments are included about the role of structure in numerical simulations and in current work on manipulation and control of turbulent flow. Some recent developments are cited which suggest that the time is nearly right for corresponding advances to occur in turbulence modeling

Tumor venéreo transmissível com metástases cutâneas em um cão transmissible venereal Tumor with cutaneous metastasis in a dog

O tumor venéreo transmissível é diagnosticado, na maioria das vezes, em animais jovens, sadios e sexualmente ativos. Acomete, comumente, a genitália externa. Metástases, apesar de incomuns, ocorrem. O presente trabalho relata um caso de tumor venéreo transmissível na glande peniana com disseminação para a pele das regiões abdominal e inguinal.<br>Transmissible venereal tumor is most of the times diagnosed in young, healthy and sexually active animais. In general it affects any part of external genitalis; metastasis, although uncommon, may occur. This paper reports a case of a transmissible venereal tumor, in the glans penis of a dog with spread to the skin of abdominal and inguinal regions

Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective effects of a hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. in rodents

Ethnopharmacological relevance: An ethnopharmacological survey indicated that leaves from Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. (Myrtaceae) are popularly used as a natural therapeutic agent to treat pain and inflammation. Aim of the study: The overall objective of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive, antiinflammatory and gastroprotective activities of a hydroalcoholic extract of leaves from Eugenia punicifolia (HEEP) in rodents. Material and methods: The antinociceptive effects of HEEP were evaluated in mice after oral administration in chemical (formalin and glutamate) and thermal (hot-plate) tests. We evaluated the involvement of the glutamatergic, opioidergic and nitrergic pathways in the antinociception of HEEP and the effect of HEEP on the inhibition of p38α MAPK. The anti-inflammatory effect of HEEP was evaluated in mice and rats using xyleneinduced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema, respectively. Furthermore, the gastroprotective effect of HEEP was evaluated in rats with acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol or indomethacin. Finally, we performed a phytochemical analysis of HEEP. Results: The oral administration of HEEP (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited the neurogenic and inflammatory phases of formalin-induced licking, and HEEP (250 mg/kg, p.o.) also significantly inhibited the nociception caused by glutamate. The antinociceptive effects of HEEP were significantly reversed by Larginine (500 mg/kg, i.p.) but not by naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) in the formalin test. HEEP did not affect animal motor performance in the rotarod model. In addition, HEEP also increased the paw withdraw latency in the hot-plate test. HEEP significantly inhibited ear edema induced by xylene (64%) and paw edema induced by carrageenan (50%) compared to the control group. Furthermore, HEEP (3–30 mg/mL) also inhibited the phosphorylation of p38α MAPK by approximately 90%. In addition, HEEP (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) protected the rats against ethanol (88.4–99.8%) and indomethacin (53–72.3%) and increased the mucus levels of the gastric mucosa without producing an antisecretory effect. The phytochemical profile of HEEP obtained using HPLC-PDA showed secondary metabolites already reported for the genus, mostly flavonoids, gallotannins and proanthocyanidins. Conclusions: These data show for the first time that HEEP has significant antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects, which appear to be related to the inhibition of the glutamatergic system, the synthesis of nitric oxide and the inhibition of the phosphorylation of p38α MAPK. HEEP also has interesting gastroprotective effects related to the maintenance of protective factors, such as mucus production. These results support the use of Eugenia punicifolia in popular medicine and demonstrate that this plant has therapeutic potential for the development of phytomedicines with antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective properties.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP