Dynamic model to predict heat-induced protein denaturation and fouling in a Direct Contact Steam Condensation process

High heat treatment, using Direct Contact Condensation (DCC), is applied in the production of dairy products to ensure a high level of food safety. During this process a protein rich deposit layer can be formed causing fouling of the system resulting in a loss of effective production time and an increase in cleaning cycles. The dynamics of the heat treatment process is modelled, including the description of the pre-heating step with two laminar flow tubular heat-exchangers followed by a DCC. In this system the bulk reactions for whey proteins are modelled using unfolding, re-folding and aggregation kinetics. The formation of the deposit layer is described in the segment after the DCC using a flow averaged model incorporating diffusion of species through the mass boundary layer as well as adsorption to the wall and desorption from the wall. The desorption kinetics are key as the protein deposit layer releases from the wall once the wall friction increases due to the decreasing area available for throughflow. The model shows good agreement with experimental data and is capable of capturing the process dynamics, both for the heat exchanger and the DCC. The deposit layer formation model is in agreement with the trend observed in the experimental data but is not fully capturing the process dynamics

Characterization of the physical state of spray-dried inulin.

Modulated differential scanning calorimetry, wide angle x-ray scattering, and environmental scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the physical and morphological properties of chicory root inulin spray dried under different conditions. When the feed temperature increased up to 80 degrees C, the average degree of polymerization of the solubilized fraction increased, leading to a higher glass transition temperature (Tg). Above 80 degrees C, the samples were completely amorphous, and the Tg did not change. The starting material was semicrystalline, and the melting region was composed of a dual endotherm; the first peak subsided as the feed temperature increased up to a temperature of 70 degrees C, whereas above 80 degrees C, no melting peak was observed as the samples were completely amorphous. To a lesser extent, the inlet air temperature of 230 degrees C allowed a higher amorphous content of the samples than at 120-170 degrees C but induced a blow-out of the particles