Manifestation of three-body forces in three-body Bethe-Salpeter and light-front equations

Bethe-Salpeter and light-front bound state equations for three scalar particles interacting by scalar exchange-bosons are solved in ladder truncation. In contrast to two-body systems, the three-body binding energies obtained in these two approaches differ significantly from each other: the ladder kernel in light-front dynamics underbinds by approximately a factor of two compared to the ladder Bethe-Salpeter equation. By taking into account three-body forces in the light-front approach, generated by two exchange-bosons in flight, we find that most of this difference disappears; for small exchange masses, the obtained binding energies coincide with each other.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, submitted in Few-Body System

Linking Distributive and Procedural Justice to Employee Engagement Through Social Exchange: A Field Study in India

Research linking justice perceptions to employee outcomes has referred to social exchange as its central theoretical premise. We tested a conceptual model linking distributive and procedural justice to employee engagement through social exchange mediators, namely, perceived organizational support and psychological contract, among 238 managers and executives from manufacturing and service sector firms in India. Findings suggest that perceived organizational support mediated the relationship between distributive justice and employee engagement, and both perceived organizational support and psychological contract mediated the relationship between procedural justice and employee engagement. Theoretical and practical implications with respect to organizational functions are discussed

Electrospray from an ionic liquid ferrofluid utilizing the rosensweig instability

© 2013, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. All rights reserved. A new type of electrospray technology that could be used for space propulsion was developed at Michigan Technological University. This thruster utilized an ionic liquid ferrofluid that was synthesized by suspending magnetic nanoparticles in an ionic liquid carrier solution so that the resulting fluid is superparamagnetic. The magnetic properties of the fluid were exploited to create self-assembling static arrays of surface peaks which were then amplified with an applied electric field until ion current was emitted from the array. The current and voltage profile of the emitting array was measured and its ability to self-heal after a damaging event was observed