1,316 research outputs found
Analysis of histone post translational modifications in primary monocyte derived macrophages using reverse phase×reverse phase chromatography in conjunction with porous graphitic carbon stationary phase.
A two dimensional-liquid chromatography (2D-LC) based approach was developed for the identification and quantification of histone post translational modifications in conjunction with mass spectrometry analysis. Using a bottom-up strategy, offline 2D-LC was developed using reverse phase chromatography. A porous graphitic carbon stationary phase in the first dimension and a C18 stationary phase in the second dimension interfaced with mass spectrometry was used to analyse global levels of histone post translational modifications in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. The results demonstrated that 84 different histone peptide proteoforms, with modifications at 18 different sites including combinatorial marks were identified, representing an increase in the identification of histone peptides by 65% and 51% compared to two different 1D-LC approaches on the same mass spectrometer. The use of the porous graphitic stationary phase in the first dimension resulted in efficient separation of histone peptides across the gradient, with good resolution and is orthogonal to the online C18 reverse phase chromatography. Overall, more histone peptides were identified using the 2D-LC approach compared to conventional 1D-LC approaches. In addition, a bioinformatic pipeline was developed in-house to enable the high throughput efficient and accurate quantification of fractionated histone peptides. The automation of a section of the downstream analysis pipeline increased the throughput of the 2D-LC-MS/MS approach for the quantification of histone post translational modifications
An Efficient Algorithm for Enumerating Chordless Cycles and Chordless Paths
A chordless cycle (induced cycle) of a graph is a cycle without any
chord, meaning that there is no edge outside the cycle connecting two vertices
of the cycle. A chordless path is defined similarly. In this paper, we consider
the problems of enumerating chordless cycles/paths of a given graph
and propose algorithms taking time for each chordless cycle/path. In
the existing studies, the problems had not been deeply studied in the
theoretical computer science area, and no output polynomial time algorithm has
been proposed. Our experiments showed that the computation time of our
algorithms is constant per chordless cycle/path for non-dense random graphs and
real-world graphs. They also show that the number of chordless cycles is much
smaller than the number of cycles. We applied the algorithm to prediction of
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectra, and increased the accuracy of the
prediction
Inability to sustain intraphagolysosomal killing of Staphylococcus aureus predisposes to bacterial persistence in macrophages
Macrophages are critical effectors of the early innate response to bacteria in tissues. Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria are interrelated functions essential for bacterial clearance but the rate-limiting step when macrophages are challenged with large numbers of the major medical pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is unknown. We show that macrophages have a finite capacity for intracellular killing and fail to match sustained phagocytosis with sustained microbial killing when exposed to large inocula of S. aureus (Newman, SH1000 and USA300 strains). S. aureus ingestion by macrophages is associated with a rapid decline in bacterial viability immediately after phagocytosis. However, not all bacteria are killed in the phagolysosome, and we demonstrate reduced acidification of the phagolysosome, associated with failure of phagolysosomal maturation and reduced activation of cathepsin D. This results in accumulation of viable intracellular bacteria in macrophages. We show macrophages fail to engage apoptosis-associated bacterial killing. Ultittop mately macrophages with viable bacteria undergo cell lysis, and viable bacteria are released and can be internalized by other macrophages. We show that cycles of lysis and reuptake maintain a pool of viable intracellular bacteria over time when killing is overwhelmed and demonstrate intracellular persistence in alveolar macrophages in the lungs in a murine model
Impurity scattering and transport of fractional Quantum Hall edge state
We study the effects of impurity scattering on the low energy edge state
dynamic s for a broad class of quantum Hall fluids at filling factor , for integer and even integer . When is positive all
of the edge modes are expected to move in the same direction, whereas for
negative one mode moves in a direction opposite to the other modes.
Using a chiral-Luttinger model to describe the edge channels, we show that for
an ideal edge when is negative, a non-quantized and non-universal Hall
conductance is predicted. The non-quantized conductance is associated with an
absence of equilibration between the edge channels. To explain the robust
experimental Hall quantization, it is thus necessary to incorporate impurity
scattering into the model, to allow for edge equilibration. A perturbative
analysis reveals that edge impurity scattering is relevant and will modify the
low energy edge dynamics. We describe a non-perturbative solution for the
random channel edge, which reveals the existence of a new
disorder-dominated phase, characterized by a stable zero temperature
renormalization group fixed point. The phase consists of a single propagating
charge mode, which gives a quantized Hall conductance, and neutral modes.
The neutral modes all propagate at the same speed, and manifest an exact SU(n)
symmetry. At finite temperatures the SU(n) symmetry is broken and the neutral
modes decay with a finite rate which varies as at low temperatures.
Various experimental predictions and implications which follow from the exact
solution are described in detail, focusing on tunneling experiments through
point contacts.Comment: 19 pages (two column), 5 post script figures appended, 3.0 REVTE
Quantized Thermal Transport in the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
We analyze thermal transport in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE),
employing a Luttinger liquid model of edge states. Impurity mediated
inter-channel scattering events are incorporated in a hydrodynamic description
of heat and charge transport. The thermal Hall conductance, , is shown to
provide a new and universal characterization of the FQHE state, and reveals
non-trivial information about the edge structure. The Lorenz ratio between
thermal and electrical Hall conductances {\it violates} the free-electron
Wiedemann-Franz law, and for some fractional states is predicted to be {\it
negative}. We argue that thermal transport may provide a unique way to detect
the presence of the elusive upstream propagating modes, predicted for fractions
such as and .Comment: 6 pages REVTeX, 2 postscript figures (uuencoded and compressed
Exact Results on Potts Model Partition Functions in a Generalized External Field and Weighted-Set Graph Colorings
We present exact results on the partition function of the -state Potts
model on various families of graphs in a generalized external magnetic
field that favors or disfavors spin values in a subset of
the total set of possible spin values, , where and are
temperature- and field-dependent Boltzmann variables. We remark on differences
in thermodynamic behavior between our model with a generalized external
magnetic field and the Potts model with a conventional magnetic field that
favors or disfavors a single spin value. Exact results are also given for the
interesting special case of the zero-temperature Potts antiferromagnet,
corresponding to a set-weighted chromatic polynomial that counts
the number of colorings of the vertices of subject to the condition that
colors of adjacent vertices are different, with a weighting that favors or
disfavors colors in the interval . We derive powerful new upper and lower
bounds on for the ferromagnetic case in terms of zero-field
Potts partition functions with certain transformed arguments. We also prove
general inequalities for on different families of tree graphs.
As part of our analysis, we elucidate how the field-dependent Potts partition
function and weighted-set chromatic polynomial distinguish, respectively,
between Tutte-equivalent and chromatically equivalent pairs of graphs.Comment: 39 pages, 1 figur
Edge Dynamics in Quantum Hall Bilayers II: Exact Results with Disorder and Parallel Fields
We study edge dynamics in the presence of interlayer tunneling, parallel
magnetic field, and various types of disorder for two infinite sequences of
quantum Hall states in symmetric bilayers. These sequences begin with the 110
and 331 Halperin states and include their fractional descendants at lower
filling factors; the former is easily realized experimentally while the latter
is a candidate for the experimentally observed quantum Hall state at a total
filling factor of 1/2 in bilayers. We discuss the experimentally interesting
observables that involve just one chiral edge of the sample and the correlation
functions needed for computing them. We present several methods for obtaining
exact results in the presence of interactions and disorder which rely on the
chiral character of the system. Of particular interest are our results on the
331 state which suggest that a time-resolved measurement at the edge can be
used to discriminate between the 331 and Pfaffian scenarios for the observed
quantum Hall state at filling factor 1/2 in realistic double-layer systems.Comment: revtex+epsf; two-up postscript at
http://www.sns.ias.edu/~leonid/ntwoup.p
- …