Routing Design Issues in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

WSN has important applications such as habitat monitoring, structural health monitoring, target tracking in military and many more. This has evolved due to availability of sensors that are cheaper and intelligent but these are having battery support. So, one of the major issues in WSN is maximization of network life. Heterogeneous WSNs have the potential to improve network lifetime and also provide higher quality networking and system services than the homogeneous WSN. Routing is the main concern of energy consumption in WSN. Previous research shows that performance of the network can be improve significantly using protocol of hierarchical HWSN. However, the appropriateness of a particular routing protocol mainly depends on the capabilities of the nodes and on the application requirements. This study presents different aspects of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor network and design issues for routing in heterogeneous environment. Different perspectives from different authors regarding energy efficiency based on resource heterogeneity for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks have been presented

Effects of chronic intermittent ethanol on Pavlovian conditioned approach to alcohol cues

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) represent one of the foremost public health concerns in the United States in which alcohol-associated cues can attract excessive attention and contribute to relapse. This attentional bias (AB) to alcohol cues has been widely documented but the neurobiology remains poorly understood. In rats, we used Pavlovian conditioning to pair a light cue with an alcoholic or non-alcoholic reward and assessed AB through Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) to reward-predictive cues. Rats were exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) prior to Pavlovian conditioning to test whether CIE increases alcohol AB. We also administered naltrexone (NTX), a drug used to treat AUDs, to see its effects on CRs. Our results suggest that rats exhibit reduced CRs to alcoholic versus non-alcoholic rewards. Moreover, CIE and NTX had minimal effect in changing alcohol AB. These findings may provide a framework for future experimentation on neural pathways and processes involved in alcohol AB.Bachelor of Scienc

System Design: A Novel, Project-Based Course Connecting the Dots of the Electrical Engineering Curriculum

The four year curriculum of the Electrical Engineering program includes a fairly diverse set of classes covering topics including electronics, electromagnetics, signal processing, power & energy, digital systems, as well as communication and control systems. While these topics constitute the core components in the technical education of a future electrical engineer, a major missing component is the holistic, system understanding of these individual topics. This paper describes a class addressing the integration of the technical topics in addition to defining the overall architecture, the modularity of complex systems, as well as the interfaces between the different components to satisfy design requirements. The new class is a project-based, one credit-hour class with a single weekly meeting in a laboratory environment. The paper describes the assigned projects as well as their proposed solutions. The paper also includes assessment data including student feedback from the first class offering. Assessment shows a great student enthusiasm towards the class. It also shows that the class improved the student\u27s conceptual knowledge, knowledge retention, and problem solving skills

Postoperative Outcomes After Staged Versus Coordinated Breast Surgery and Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy

The objective of this study was to compare postoperative complication rates and healthcare charges between patients who underwent coordinated versus staged breast surgery and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO). The MarketScan administrative database was used to identify adult female patients with invasive breast cancer or BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations who underwent BSO and breast surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy with or without reconstruction) between 2010 and 2015. Patients were assigned to the coordinated group if a breast operation and BSO were performed simultaneously or assigned to the staged group if BSO was performed separately. Primary outcomes were (1) incidence of 90-day postoperative complications and (2) 2-year aggregate perioperative healthcare charges. Fisher's exact tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and multivariable regression analyses were performed. Of the 4228 patients who underwent breast surgery and BSO, 412 (9.7%) were in the coordinated group and 3816 (90.3%) were in the staged group. The coordinated group had a higher incidence of postoperative complications (24.0% vs. 17.7%, p < 0.01), higher risk-adjusted odds of postoperative complications [odds ratio (OR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.76, p = 0.02], and similar aggregate healthcare charges before (median charges: $106,500 vs.$101,555, p = 0.96) and after risk-adjustment [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.00, 95% CI 0.93-1.07; p = 0.95]. In a subgroup analysis, incidence of postoperative complications (12.9% for coordinated operations vs. 11.7% for staged operation, p = 0.73) was similar in patients whose breast operation was a lumpectomy. While costs were similar, coordinating breast surgery with BSO was associated with more complications in patients who underwent mastectomy, but not in patients who underwent lumpectomy. These data should inform shared decision-making in high-risk patients