Levantamento preliminar da entomofauna associada às plantas daninhas em cultivos de soja.

O manejo e o controle de ácaros, insetos e plantas daninhas fazem parte do sistema de produção de qualquer cultivo agrícola, sendo fundamental conhecer suas práticas e ferramentas para alcançar produtividades satisfatórias, sem agredir o ambiente. O trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os artrópodes presentes nas plantas daninhas que ocorrem em cultivos de soja.Autoria: QUERINO, [i.e. SILVA], R. B. Q. da. RANYSE BARBOSA QUERINO DA SILVA

Caracterização da comunidade de plantas daninhas em áreas de plantio de feijão-caupi, Teresina, Piauí.

O conhecimento de plantas daninhas em cultivos é essencial para o seu manejo adequado, sendo que a sua presença pode acarretar grandes problemas para a produção agrícola. O trabalho objetivou realizar o levantamento florístico sistemático de plantas daninhas em áreas experimentais de cultivo de feijão-caupi, no município de Teresina-PI (Embrapa Meio-Norte) durante o ano de 2011.Autoria: QUERINO [i.e. SILVA], R. B. Q. da. RANYSE BARBOSA QUERINO DA SILVA

Interferência da palhada na dinâmica de plantas daninhas em cana-de-acúcar.

A infestação de plantas daninhas na cultura de cana-de-açúcar interfere na sua produtividade e no seu desenvolvimento, competindo pelos recursos do meio com a cultura. A manutenção da palhada no cultivo da cana soca, todavia tem auxiliado no manejo de plantas daninhas. Esse experimento objetivou avaliar o efeito da cobertura do solo com palhada remanescente de cana-de-açúcar sobre a dinâmica de plantas daninhas, para o cultivo de cana soca. Utilizaram-se 06 tratamentos, representando os respectivos percentuais de palha remanescente no solo após a colheita: T1-0% (sem palhada), T2-25%, T3-50%, T4-75% e T5-100% de palhada, além do tratamento 6, no qual foi testado o efeito da queima da palha sobre as plantas daninhas. O experimento foi conduzido em área da COMVAP Acúcar e Álcool, município de União - PI, entre os meses de dezembro de 2011 á fevereiro de 2012. Realizaram-se duas amostragens, aos 60 e 120 dias após brotação, utilizando-se o método do quadrado inventário, com três arremessos aleatórios por parcela. Cyperus rotundus foi a espécie mais abundante, especialmente para os tratamentos sem palhada (T1 e T6). Conclui-se que a manutenção da palhada interfere na dinâmica das plantas daninhas. O sombreamento decorrente de sua manutenção no sistema de cultivo de cana crua foi importante na inibição das plantas daninhas, especialmente para a espécie Cyperus rotundus.CBCPD

On the accuracy of threshold genomic prediction models for leaf miner and leaf rust resistance in arabica coffee.

Obtaining resistance cultivars for leaf miner and leaf rust are the main important strategy of Brazil?s national coffee breeding program. The narrow genetic basis, and founder effect consequences, lead to challenges in quantifying and detecting genetic diversity for these traits. Biotechnology tools allied with classical breeding strategies are powerful in detecting variability and deploying a precision selection. The selection based on the genetic merit of an individual obtained from thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism effects is known as genomic selection. The ordinal scale principally makes the resistance evaluation of the leaf rust and leaf miner of the score, categorizing the phenotypes following the discrete (ordinal) distribution. Hence, this distribution can be better analyzed by threshold models. Our goals were to optimize genomic prediction models for coffee resistance to leaf rust and leaf miner via threshold models and compare pedigree and genomic relationship matrices to underlying prediction models. We have observed that the genomic model with the genomic relationship matrix performed better for all scenarios. For the traits with at least five degrees of scores, the threshold models performed better, whereas for a trait with ten degrees of scores, we see no advantage to using a threshold model for genomic prediction

Utilização de genes morfogênicos para possibilitar a edição genômica de linhagens tropicais de milho.

Here, we report the successful GE of tropical maize lines using a MRs-based protocol.SBGMP 2023

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

SummaryBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation: Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation