Government spending, growth and poverty: an analysis of interlinkages in rural India

Poverty in rural India has declined substantially in recent decades. This steady decline in poverty was strongly associated with agricultural growth, particularly the green revolution, which in turn was a response to massive public investments in agriculture and rural infrastructure. Public investment in rural areas has also benefitted the poor through its impact on the growth of the rural non-farm economy, and government expenditure on rural poverty and employment programs,which has grown rapidly, has directly benefitted the rural poor. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of the decline in rural poverty in India, and particularly to disentangle the specific role that government investments have played. We seek to quantify the effectiveness of different types of government expenditures in contributing to poverty alleviation. The study uses state level data for 1970 to 1993 to estimate an econometric model that permits calculation of the number of poor people raised above the poverty line for each additional million rupees spent on different expenditure items. The model is also structured to enable identification of the different channels through which different types of government expenditures impact on the poor. But targeting government expenditures simply to reduce poverty is not sufficient. Government expenditures also need to stimulate economic growth. The model is therefore formulated so as to measure the growth as well as the poverty impact of different items of government expenditure. The results from our model show that government spending on productivity enhancing investments, such as agricultural R&D and irrigation, rural infrastructure (including roads and electricity), and rural development targeted directly on the rural poor, have all contributed to reductions in rural poverty, and most have also contributed to growth in agricultural productivity.Employment (Economic theory) India., Poverty., Rural poor India., Public investment., Agricultural development.,

ATLBS Extended Source Sample: The evolution in radio source morphology with flux density

Based on the ATLBS survey we present a sample of extended radio sources and derive morphological properties of faint radio sources. 119 radio galaxies form the ATLBS-Extended Source Sample (ATLBS-ESS) consisting of all sources exceeding 30" in extent and integrated flux densities exceeding 1 mJy. We give structural details along with information on galaxy identifications and source classifications. The ATLBS-ESS, unlike samples with higher flux-density limits, has almost equal fractions of FR-I and FR-II radio galaxies with a large fraction of the FR-I population exhibiting 3C31-type structures. Significant asymmetry in lobe extents appears to be a common occurrence in the ATLBS-ESS FR-I sources compared to FR-II sources. We present a sample of 22 FR-Is at z>0.5 with good structural information. The detection of several giant radio sources, with size exceeding 0.7 Mpc, at z>1 suggests that giant radio sources are not less common at high redshifts. The ESS also includes a sample of 28 restarted radio galaxies. The relative abundance of dying and restarting sources is indicative of a model where radio sources undergo episodic activity in which an active phase is followed by a brief dying phase that terminates with restarting of the central activity; in any massive elliptical a few such activity cycles wherein adjacent events blend may constitute the lifetime of a radio source and such bursts of blended activity cycles may be repeated over the age of the host. The ATLBS-ESS includes a 2-Mpc giant radio galaxy with the lowest surface brightness lobes known to date.Comment: 69 pages, 119 figures, 4 tables, to appear in ApJ

Optimization of WSN using Biological Inspired Self-Organized Secure Autonomous Routing Protocol

Since last three decade, Wireless Sensor Network is one of the biggest innovative technologies; it provides facility of heavy data traffic and management telecommunication by sensing, computation and communication into a small device. Main threat for this type of data transfer is data security in terms of maintains data integrity, high consumption of energy, end-to-end delay and high cost of nodes i.e. sensor. Handling all h issue at same time is the difficult task. SRTLD and BIOSARP are two routing protocol which helps in improving performance of the WSN. This paper is a detail description of secure architecture which is based on SRTLD and BIOSARP protocol. The main objective of this architecture is to provide high security by taking into account low energy consumption, low end-to-end delay and low node level cost. This mechanism uses concept of ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) which helps in achieving objective of the architectur

A Novel Approach for Efficient User Revocation with Maintaining Shared Data Integrity on Cloud

Cloud computing is the biggest innovation in computing world. It provides great facilities of data sharing and data storing to its users. Here a main risk occurs as data security in aspects of data integrity, data privacy and data access by unauthorized users. TTA (Trusted Third Party) is used by cloud service providers to ensure data security and privacy. In cloud, data modification and data sharing among the group of users is very simple task .To maintain integrity of the shared data,group members needs to compute signatures on all shared data which are available in blocks. Different blocks in shared data are generally signed by different users due to data modifications performed by different users. User revocation is one of the biggest security issue during data sharing. After user revocation, shared data signed by revoked user, needs to re-sign by existing user.This task is very inefficacious due to the large size of shared data needs to download before re-signing it. This paper is a detail description of cloud public auditor which is used for the maintaining integrity of shared data with efficient user revocation in the cloud. This mechanism uses concept of proxy re-signatures which allows the cloud to re-sign blocks on behalf of existing users during user revocation, so there is no need of data downloading. It also performs batch monitoring to verify multiple tasks simultaneously. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150612

Short-term functional results of surgical management of fractures of olecranon process of ulna by locking hook plate

Background: The aim was to study functional results of fixation of fractures of olecranon process of ulna by locking hook plate.Methods: The study was conducted on 30 patients who underwent fixation of olecranon fracture by locking hook plate in department of orthopaedics, GMCH Aurangabad from September 2018 to September 2020. Patients were assessed functionally using Mayo elbow performance score and radiologically using serial follow up radiographs of elbow.Results: At 2 year follow up of 30 patients of all types of olecranon fracture treated by locking hook plate, no patient had evidence of non-union or loss of reduction or any other major complications. In our study 21 patients (70%) showed excellent results, 6 patients (20%) showed good results and 3 patients (10%) showed fair results. None of the patients in our study showed poor results. 3 patients (10%) had superficial infection which were treated by adequate antibiotics after doing culture and sensitivity testing and 4 patients (13.33%) had symptomatic metal prominence which underwent implant removal after union of fracture.Conclusions: Fixation of all types of fractures of olecranon by locking hook plate is good alternative to other methods of fixation like tension band wiring, intramedullary fixation using screw tension band wiring which are used only in selected cases. In our study we conclude that locking hook plate is excellent modality of treatment for all types of fractures of olecranon, it gives excellent functional and radiological outcome with minimal complication and stable fixation of all types of fractures including transverse as well as comminuted fractures

Accuracy Optimization of Centrality Score Based Community Detection

Various concepts can be represented as a graph or the network. The network representation helps to characterize the varied relations between a set of objects by taking each object as a vertex and the interaction between them as an edge. Different systems can be modelled and analyzed in terms of graph theory. Community structure is a property that seems to be common to many networks. The division of the some objects into groups within which the connections or relations are dense, and the connections with other objects are sparser. Various research and data points proves that many real world networks has these communities or groups or the modules that are sub graphs with more edges connecting the vertices of the same group and comparatively fewer links joining the outside vertices. The groups or the communities exhibit the topological relations between the elements of the underlying system and the functional entities. The proposed approach is to exploit the global as well as local information about the network topologies. The authors propose a hybrid strategy to use the edge centrality property of the edges to find out the communities and use local moving heuristic to increase the modularity index of those communities. Such communities can be relevantly efficient and accurate to some applications. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15073

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ION-SENSITIVE IN-SITU NASAL GEL OF ZOLMITRIPTAN

In situ gel system is novel drug delivery system in which there is transition of sol to gel on external stimuli like change in pH, temperature or change in ion concentration (sol-gel transition). In the present study various formulations were prepared by using gellan gum as gelling agent and HPMC K100 as controlled or sustained release polymer. All the formulations were evaluated for various parameters like pH, viscosity, drug content, gel strength, mucoadhesive strength and drug release. At minimum concentration of polymer lose their integrity and at maximum concentration stiff gel were formed. At optimized concentration of gelling agent and HPMC K100 showed in situ gelling with all parameter in range. In Vitro release data revealed that the optimized formulation showed controlled and sustained drug release pattern. The optimized formulation also obeyed korsmer Peppas model equation and which showed the release exponent n value 0.765. Thus the ex vivo higher bioavailability can be expected from the optimized formulation.Â

Multi-Communication System for Physically Disabled PeopleUsing Raspberry Pi

Today to lead our life we needed to keep running with our quick materialistic world. We express our considerations, by speaking with various individuals in various languages and in various ways Therefore there effectively. In any case, it is troublesome for physically incapacitated individuals, for example, for example, dump, hard of hearing, visually impaired and deadened to express their considerations and thoughts. Is a need to develop such a concrete solution for physically disabled people which will results as a better communication media for them. The designed system resolves the said problems. (1) Dump people can express their thoughts by pressing keyboard buttons (2) When blind/deaf person speaks, Raspberry pi based device converts it into text and displays on screen. (3) The paralyzed people by wearing flex sensor glove can express their thoughts through feasible figure movement. All these activities are possible with a unique embedded system using raspberry pi and disabled people can lead their life peacefully and independently through smooth communication of their ideas and thoughts with their family members, friends and society

Economic Analysis of Traditional and Sri Method of Paddy Cultivation

The conventional paddy growing tracts are in worst crisis due to social, biological and technical setbacks. Well acclaimed rice bowls in several part of the nation is facing a decline in area, production and productivity. In India, there is a growing demand for rice due to ever escalating population. Rice is consumed both in urban and rural area and its consumption is growing due to high-income elasticity of demand. To meet the growing demand, a rapid income in paddy production is needed. But there is little scope to increase the area; hence increase in production and productivity with an improvement in efficiency of production to act as a technological breakthrough to meet the growing demand