Relationship between clinico-pathological characteristics and hr- HPV Positivity.

<p>* Statistically Significant OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval;</p><p>^† Reference group for OR calculation</p><p>Relationship between clinico-pathological characteristics and hr- HPV Positivity.</p

Relationship of betel nut, tobacco, smoking, and alcohol and status of hr-HPV in Oral cavity patients only.

<p>* Statistically Significant OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval;</p><p>^† Reference group for OR calculation</p><p>Relationship of betel nut, tobacco, smoking, and alcohol and status of hr-HPV in Oral cavity patients only.</p

Demographic profiles and association with hr- HPV Positivity-.

<p>* Statistically Significant; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval;</p><p>^† Reference group for OR calculation. Since only one variable is significant that will be significant in multivariate analysis also</p><p>Demographic profiles and association with hr- HPV Positivity-.</p

Relation of HPV -16 and HPV-18 with clinico-pathological characteristics.

<p>* Statistically Significant, OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval;</p><p>^† Reference group for OR calculation</p><p>Relation of HPV -16 and HPV-18 with clinico-pathological characteristics.</p

Kras Gene Mutation and RASSF1A, FHIT and MGMT Gene Promoter Hypermethylation: Indicators of Tumor Staging and Metastasis in Adenocarcinomatous Sporadic Colorectal Cancer in Indian Population

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) development involves underlying modifications at genetic/epigenetic level. This study evaluated the role of Kras gene mutation and RASSF1A, FHIT and MGMT gene promoter hypermethylation together/independently in sporadic CRC in Indian population and correlation with clinicopathological variables of the disease.</p> <p>Methods</p><p>One hundred and twenty four consecutive surgically resected tissues (62 tumor and equal number of normal adjacent controls) of primary sporadic CRC were included and patient details including demographic characteristics, lifestyle/food or drinking habits, clinical and histopathological profiles were recorded. Polymerase chain reaction - Restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing for Kras gene mutation and Methylation Specific-PCR for RASSF1A, FHIT and MGMT genes was performed.</p> <p>Results</p><p>Kras gene mutation at codon 12 & 13 and methylated RASSF1A, FHIT and MGMT gene was observed in 47%, 19%, 47%, 37% and 47% cases, respectively. Alcohol intake and smoking were significantly associated with presence of Kras mutation (codon 12) and MGMT methylation (p-value <0.049). Tumor stage and metastasis correlated with presence of mutant Kras codon 12 (p-values 0.018, 0.044) and methylated RASSF1A (p-values 0.034, 0.044), FHIT (p-values 0.001, 0.047) and MGMT (p-values 0.018, 0.044) genes. Combinatorial effect of gene mutation/methylation was also observed (p-value <0.025). Overall, tumor stage 3, moderately differentiated tumors, presence of lymphatic invasion and absence of metastasis was more frequently observed in tumors with mutated Kras and/or methylated RASSF1A, FHIT and MGMT genes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p><p>Synergistic interrelationship between these genes in sporadic CRC may be used as diagnostic/prognostic markers in assessing the overall pathological status of CRC.</p> </div

Occurrence of mutation/methylation in one gene in the presence of mutation/methylation in another gene.

<p>p value <0.05 was taken as significant.</p

Tumor profile of 62 patients with sporadic CRC.

*<p>UM, unmethylated; M, methylated;</p>#<p>WD, well differentiated; MD, moderately differentiated; PD, poorly differentiated; U, undifferentiated.</p><p>p value <0.05 was taken as significant.</p

Demographic profile and follow up of 62 patients with sporadic CRC.

*<p>Co morbidities include hypertension, diabetes, heart diseases and tuberculosis.</p

Lifestyle factors of 62 patients with sporadic CRC.

*<p>UM, unmethylated; M, methylated.</p><p>p value <0.05 was taken as significant.</p