Using metabolic profiling to assess plant-pathogen interactions: An example using rice (Oryza sativa) and the blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea

A metabolomics based approach has been used to study the infection of the Hwacheong rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hwacheong) with compatible (KJ201) and incompatible (KJ401) strains of the rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. The metabolic response of the rice plants to each strain was assessed 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h post inoculation. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Gas and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass spectrometry (GC/LC-MS/MS) were used to study both aqueous and organic phase metabolites, collectively resulting in the identification of 93 compounds. Clear metabolic profiles were observed at each time point but there were no significant differences in the metabolic response elicited by each pathogen strain until 24 h post inoculation. The largest change was found to be in alanine, which was similar to 30% (+/- 9%) higher in the leaves from the compatible, compared to the resistant, plants. Together with several other metabolites (malate, glutamine, proline, cinnamate and an unknown sugar) alanine exhibited a good correlation between time of fungal penetration into the leaf and the divergence of metabolite profiles in each interaction. The results indicate both that a wide range of metabolites can be identified in rice leaves and that metabolomics has potential for the study of biochemical changes in plant-pathogen interactions

Organic Chemistry of C_(60) (Buckminsterfullerene): Chromatography and Osmylation

Treatment of CG0 with osmium tetroxide and pyridine gives the osmate ester (2.1 adduct) establishing that oxygen functionality can be added to C_(60) without disrupting the carbon framework

Organic Chemistry of C_(60) (Buckminsterfullerene): Chromatography and Osmylation

Treatment of CG0 with osmium tetroxide and pyridine gives the osmate ester (2.1 adduct) establishing that oxygen functionality can be added to C_(60) without disrupting the carbon framework

Physiology and proteomics of the water-deficit stress response in three contrasting peanut genotypes

Peanut genotypes from the US mini-core collection were analysed for changes in leaf proteins during reproductive stage growth under water-deficit stress. One- and twodimensional gel electrophoresis (1- and 2-DGE) was performed on soluble protein extracts of selected tolerant and susceptible genotypes. A total of 102 protein bands/spots were analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS) and by quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS/MS) analysis. Forty-nine nonredundant proteins were identified, implicating a variety of stress response mechanisms in peanut. Lipoxygenase and 1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase, which aid in interand intracellular stress signalling, were more abundant in tolerant genotypes under water-deficit stress. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a key enzyme of lipid biosynthesis, increased in relative abundance along with a corresponding increase in epicuticular wax content in the tolerant genotype, suggesting an additional mechanism for water conservation and stress tolerance.Additionally, there was a marked decrease in the abundance of several photosynthetic proteins in the tolerant genotype, along with a concomitant decrease in net photosynthesis in response to water-deficit stress. Differential regulation of leaf proteins involved in a variety of cellular functions (e.g. cell wall strengthening, signal transduction, energy metabolism, cellular detoxification and gene regulation) indicates that these molecules could affect the molecular mechanism of water-deficit stress tolerance in peanut

Impact of climatic changes on crop agriculture: OMICS for sustainability & next generation crops

abstract not availabl