Sensitivity of Ambient Atmospheric Formaldehyde and Ozone to Precursor Species and Source Types Across the United States

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an important air pollutant from both an atmospheric chemistry and human health standpoint. This study uses an instrumented photochemical Air Quality Model, CMAQ-DDM, to identify the sensitivity of HCHO concentrations across the United States (U.S.) to major source types and hydrocarbon speciation. In July, biogenic sources of hydrocarbons contribute the most (92% of total hydrocarbon sensitivity), split between isoprene and other alkenes. Among anthropogenic sources, mobile sources of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (NO_<i>x</i>) dominate. In January, HCHO is more sensitive to anthropogenic hydrocarbons than biogenic sources, especially mobile sources and residential wood combustion (36% of national hydrocarbon sensitivity). While ozone (O₃) is three times more sensitive to NO_<i>x</i> than hydrocarbons across most areas of the U.S., HCHO is six times more sensitive to hydrocarbons than NO_<i>x</i>, largely due to sensitivity to biogenic precursors and the importance of low-NO_<i>x</i> chemistry. In winter, both HCHO and O₃ show negative sensitivity to NO_<i>x</i> (increases with the removal of NO_<i>x</i>), although O₃ increases are larger. Relative sensitivities do not change substantially across different regions of the country