148 research outputs found
The median nerve in the carpal tunnel
A study of the variations of the course and branching pattern of the median
nerve within the carpal tunnel were carried out on 60 wrists from 30 fresh
cadavers autopsied in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Jagiellonian
University Medical College. The results were compared with the literature. The
study confirmed that the extraligamentous type of motor branch variation is
most common. The transligamentous course of the nerve is of special importance:
it is usually accompanied by hypertrophic muscle, and the nerve hidden
within this muscle can easily be cut during transection of the retinaculum. The
results proved the necessity of approaching the median nerve from the ulnar
side when opening the carpal tunnel. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 1: 41-46
Spectral reflectance properties of iridescent pierid butterfly wings
The wings of most pierid butterflies exhibit a main, pigmentary colouration: white, yellow or orange. The males of many species have in restricted areas of the wing upper sides a distinct structural colouration, which is created by stacks of lamellae in the ridges of the wing scales, resulting in iridescence. The amplitude of the reflectance is proportional to the number of lamellae in the ridge stacks. The angle-dependent peak wavelength of the observed iridescence is in agreement with classical multilayer theory. The iridescence is virtually always in the ultraviolet wavelength range, but some species have a blue-peaking iridescence. The spectral properties of the pigmentary and structural colourations are presumably tuned to the spectral sensitivities of the butterflies’ photoreceptors
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Crepuscular Mating Aggregations in Certain Ormia1 and Sitophagat
The tachinid species Ormia Dominicana, Ormia lineifrons, and Sitophaga aurigera were observed to aggregate atop 2 towers in central Florida shortly after sunset. The activity period for each species was brief, and that of 0. dominicana was temporally separated from that of S. aurigera. Aggregations occasionally exceeded 100 individuals of a species and were predominantly composed of males. Although no matings were seen, it is presumed that this behavior facilitates mating. The behavior of these flies was typical of insects at a waiting station. Eucelatoria rubentis and the anthomyiids Pegomyia affinis and Pegomyia gopheri were occasionally collected from the towers.Keywords: Sitophaga, Mating, OrmiaKeywords: Sitophaga, Mating, Ormi
The Presence–Absence Situation and Its Impact on the Assemblage Structure and Interspecific Relations of Pronophilina Butterflies in the Venezuelan Andes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Assemblage structure and altitudinal patterns of Pronophilina, a species-rich group of Andean butterflies, are compared in El Baho and Monte Zerpa, two closely situated and ecologically similar Andean localities. Their faunas differ only by the absence of Pedaliodes ornata Grose-Smith in El Baho. There are, however, important structural differences between the two Pronophilina assemblages. Whereas there are five co-dominant species in Monte Zerpa, including P. ornata, Pedaliodes minabilis Pyrcz is the only dominant with more than half of all the individuals in the sample in El Baho. The absence of P. ornata in El Baho is investigated from historical, geographic, and ecological perspectives exploring the factors responsible for its possible extinction including climate change, mass dying out of host plants, and competitive exclusion. Although competitive exclusion between P. ornata and P. minabilis is a plausible mechanism, considered that their ecological niches overlap, which suggests a limiting influence on each other’s populations, the object of competition was not identified, and the reason of the absence of P. ornata in El Baho could not be established. The role of spatial interference related to imperfect sexual behavioral isolation is evaluated in maintaining the parapatric altitudinal distributions of three pairs of phenotypically similar and related species of Pedaliodes, Corades, and Lymanopoda
Multiscale models for movement in oriented environments and their application to hilltopping in butterflies
Hilltopping butterflies direct their movement in response to topography, facilitating mating encounters via accumulation at summits. In this paper, we take hilltopping as a case study to explore the impact of complex orienteering cues on population dynamics. The modelling employs a standard multiscale framework, in which an individual's movement path is described as a stochastic 'velocity-jump' process and scaling applied to generate a macroscopic model capable of simulating large populations in landscapes. In this manner, the terms and parameters of the macroscopic model directly relate to statistical inputs of the individual-level model (mean speeds, turning rates and turning distributions). Applied to hilltopping in butterflies, we demonstrate how hilltopping acts to aggregate populations at summits, optimising mating for low-density species. However, for abundant populations, hilltopping is not only less effective but also possibly disadvantageous, with hilltopping males recording a lower mating rate than their non-hilltopping competitors. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Identification and Biosynthesis of Novel Male Specific Esters in the Wings of the Tropical Butterfly, Bicyclus martius sanaos
MALE MATE-LOCATING BEHAVIOR IN THE COMMON EGGFLY HYPOLIMNAS-BOLINA NYMPHALIDAE
Volume: 46Start Page: 24End Page: 3
Courtship leading to copulation in the cloudless sulphur, Phoebis sennae (Pieridae)
Volume: 22Start Page: 249End Page: 25
Sexual selection and the evolution of butterfly mating behavior
Volume: 23Start Page: 125End Page: 14
COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR OF THE GULF FRITILLARY AGRAULIS-VANILLAE NYMPHALIDAE
Volume: 38Start Page: 23End Page: 3
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