160 research outputs found
Scaling properties of the gravitational clustering in the nonlinear regime
The growth of density perturbations in an expanding universe in the
non-linear regime is investigated. The underlying equations of motion are cast
in a suggestive form, and motivate a conjecture that the scaled pair velocity,
depends on the expansion factor and comoving
coordinate only through the density contrast . This leads to
the result that the true, non-linear, density contrast
is a universal function of the
density contrast , computed in the linear theory and evaluated
at a scale where . This universality is supported by
existing numerical simulations with scale-invariant initial conditions having
different power laws. We discuss a physically motivated ansatz
and use it to compute the non-linear density contrast
at any given scale analytically. This provides a promising method for analysing
the non-linear evolution of density perturbations in the universe and for
interpreting numerical simulations.Comment: 14 pages 2 figures available on request, TeX, IUCAA-12/9
Constrained Violent Relaxation to a Spherical Halo
Violent relaxation during the collapse of a galaxy halo is known to be
incomplete in realistic cases such as cosmological infall or mergers. We adopt
a physical picture of strong but short lived interactions between potential
fluctuations and particle orbits, using the broad framework outlined by
Tremaine (1987) for incorporating incompleteness of the relaxation. We are
guided by results from plasma physics, viz. the quasilinear theory of Landau
damping, but allow for significant differences in our case. Crucially, wave
particle scattering does not drive the system to an equilibrium distribution
function of the exponential type, even in regions of phase space allowed by the
constraints. The physical process is mixing without friction in ``action''
space, for which the simplest possible model is a constant phase space density
modulated by the constraints. Our distribution function does not use the
exponential functions of the energy prevalent in other work, which we regard as
inappropriate to collisionless systems. The halo of the self-consistent,
parameter-free solutions show an r^(-4) behavior in density at large r, an
r^(1/4) surface brightness profile in the region 0.1-8 r_e, and a radially
anisotropic velocity dispersion profile outside an isotropic core. The energy
distribution seen in simulations N(E) singles out the pericenter cutoff model
as the most realistic among the variants we have explored.Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures; scheduled to appear in ApJ, vol 524, #2 (oct.
99). Figures in gif format. Preprints are also available on request from
[email protected]
The importance of being ignorant using entropy for interpretation and inference
In many real life situations, we have to draw conclusions from data which are not complete and have been affected by measurement errors. Such problems have been addressed from the time of Bayes and Laplace (late 1700's) using concepts which parallel Boltzmann's use of entropy in thermal physics. The idea is to assign probabilities to different possible conclusions from a given set of data. A critical - and sometimes controversial - input is a 'prior probability', which represents our knowledge before any data are given or taken! This body of ideas is introduced in this article with simple examples
A critique of scaling behaviour in non-linear structure formation scenarios
Moments of the BBGKY equations for spatial correlation functions of
cosmological density perturbations are used to obtain a differential equation
for the evolution of the dimensionless function, ,
where is the mean relative pair velocity. The BBGKY equations are closed
using a hierarchical scaling ansatz for the 3-point correlation function.
Scale-invariant solutions derived earlier by Davis and Peebles are then used in
the non-linear regime, along with the generalised stable clustering hypothesis
( const.), to obtain an expression for the asymptotic value of , in
terms of the power law index of clustering, ,and the tangential and
radial velocity dispersions. The Davis-Peebles solution is found to require
that tangential dispersions are larger than radial ones, in the non-linear
regime; this can be understood on physical grounds. Finally, stability analysis
of the solution demonstrates that the allowed asymptotic values of ,
consistent with the stable clustering hypothesis, lie in the range . Thus, if the Davis-Peebles scale-invariant solution (and the
hierarchical model for the 3-pt function) is correct, the standard stable
clustering picture ( as ) is not allowed in the
non-linear regime of structure formation.Comment: 14 pages, no figures. Scheduled to appear in ApJ, Mar 1 issue. Final
version, contains added discussion to match the accepted versio
Galaxies-off to a flying start? New telescopes tell us stars were made very early
This article does not have an abstract
The space telescope looks for black holes: Monsters lurk at the centres of many galaxies
This article does not have an abstract
Undamped oscillations of collisionless stellar systems: spheres, spheroids and discs
The collisionless Boltzmann equation governing self-gravitating systems such as galaxies has recently been shown to admit exact oscillating solutions with planar and spherical symmetry. The relation of the spherically symmetric solutions to the Virial theorem, as well as generalizations to non-uniform spheres, uniform spheroids and discs form the subject of this paper. These models generalize known families of static solutions. The case of the spheroid is worked out in some detail. Quasiperiodic as well as chaotic time variation of the two axes is demonstrated by studying the surface of section for the associated Hamiltonian system with two degrees of freedom. The relation to earlier work and possible implications for the general problem of collisionless relaxation in self gravitating systems are also discussed
Calibrating the Galaxy Halo - Black Hole Relation Based on the Clustering of Quasars
The observed number counts of quasars may be explained either by long-lived
activity within rare massive hosts, or by short-lived activity within smaller,
more common hosts. It has been argued that quasar lifetimes may therefore be
inferred from their clustering length, which determines the typical mass of the
quasar host. Here we point out that the relationship between the mass of the
black-hole and the circular velocity of its host dark-matter halo is more
fundamental to the determination of the clustering length. In particular, the
clustering length observed in the 2dF quasar redshift survey is consistent with
the galactic halo - black-hole relation observed in local galaxies, provided
that quasars shine at ~10-100% of their Eddington luminosity. The slow
evolution of the clustering length with redshift inferred in the 2dF quasar
survey favors a black-hole mass whose redshift-independent scaling is with halo
circular velocity, rather than halo mass. These results are independent from
observations of the number counts of bright quasars which may be used to
determine the quasar lifetime and its dependence on redshift. We show that if
quasar activity results from galaxy mergers, then the number counts of quasars
imply an episodic quasar lifetime that is set by the dynamical time of the host
galaxy rather than by the Salpeter time. Our results imply that as the redshift
increases, the central black-holes comprise a larger fraction of their host
galaxy mass and the quasar lifetime gets shorter.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to Ap
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