3 research outputs found
Imidazole Nitrogens of Two Histidine Residues Participating in N–H···N Hydrogen Bonds in Protein Structures: Structural Bioinformatics Approach Combined with Quantum Chemical Calculations
Protein structures
are stabilized by different types of hydrogen
bonds. However, unlike the DNA double helical structure, the N–H···N
type of hydrogen bonds is relatively rare in proteins. N–H···N
hydrogen bonds formed by imidazole groups of two histidine residues
have not been investigated. We have systematically analyzed 5333 high-resolution
protein structures with resolution 1.8 Å or better and identified
285 histidine pairs in which the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole side
chains can potentially participate in N–H···N
hydrogen bonds. The histidine pairs were further divided into two
groups, neutral–neutral and protonated–neutral, depending
on the protonation state of the donor histidine. Quantum chemical
calculations were performed on imidazole groups adopting the same
geometry observed in the protein structures. Average interaction energies
between the interacting imidazole groups are −6.45 and −22.5
kcal/mol for neutral–neutral and protonated–neutral,
respectively. Hydrogen bond interaction between the imidazole moieties
is further confirmed by natural bond orbital analyses of the model
compounds. Histidine residues involved in N–H···N
hydrogen bonds are relatively more buried and have low <i>B</i>-factor values in the protein structures. N–H···N
hydrogen bond formed by a pair of buried histidine residues can significantly
contribute to the structural stability of proteins
Controlling in Vitro Insulin Amyloidosis with Stable Peptide Conjugates: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study
Insulin aggregation, to afford amyloidogenic
polypeptide fibrils,
is an energetically driven, well-studied phenomenon, which presents
interesting biological ramifications. These aggregates are also known
to form around insulin injection sites and in diabetic patients suffering
from Parkinson’s disease. Such occurrences force considerable
reduction in hormone activity and are often responsible for necrotic
deposits in diabetic patients. Changes in physicochemical environment,
such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, and mechanical agitation,
affect insulin fibrillation, which also presents intrigue from the
structural viewpoint. Several reports have tried to unravel underlying
mechanisms concerning the aggregation process taking into account
a three aromatic amino acid patch Phe<sup>B24</sup>-Phe<sup>B25</sup>-Tyr<sup>B26</sup> located in the C-terminal part of the B chain,
identified as a key site for human insulin–receptor interaction.
The present study describes design and inhibitory effects of novel
peptide conjugates toward fibrillation of insulin as investigated
by thioflavin T assay, circular dichroism, and AFM. Possible interaction
of insulin with peptide-based fibrillation inhibitors reveals an important
role of hydrophobic interactions in the inhibition process. Molecular
dynamics simulation studies demonstrate that inhibitor <b>D4</b> interacts with insulin residues from the helix and the C-terminal
extended segment of chain B. These studies present a novel approach
for the discovery of stable, peptide-based ligands as novel antiamyloidogenic
agents for insulin aggregation
Calmidazolium Chloride and Its Complex with Serum Albumin Prevent Huntingtin Exon1 Aggregation
Huntington’s
disease (HD) is a genetic disorder caused by
a CAG expansion mutation in <i>Huntingtin</i> gene leading
to polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the N-terminus side of Huntingtin
(Httex1) protein. Neurodegeneration in HD is linked to aggregates
formed by Httex1 bearing an expanded polyQ. Initiation and elongation
steps of Httex1 aggregation are potential target steps for the discovery
of therapeutic molecules for HD, which is currently untreatable. Here
we report Httex1 aggregation inhibition by calmidazolium chloride
(CLC) by acting on the initial aggregation event. Because it is hydrophobic,
CLC was adsorbed to the vial surface and could not sustain an inhibition
effect for a longer duration. The use of bovine serum albumin (BSA)
prevented CLC adsorption by forming a BSA–CLC complex. This
complex showed improved Httex1 aggregation inhibition by interacting
with the aggregation initiator, the NT<sub>17</sub> part of Httex1.
Furthermore, biocompatible CLC-loaded BSA nanoparticles were made
which reduced the polyQ aggregates in HD-150Q cells