3,778 research outputs found
Flight-deck automation: Promises and problems
The state of the art in human factors in flight-deck automation is presented. A number of critical problem areas are identified and broad design guidelines are offered. Automation-related aircraft accidents and incidents are discussed as examples of human factors problems in automated flight
Human Factors of Flight-deck Automation: NASA/Industry Workshop
The scope of automation, the benefits of automation, and automation-induced problems were discussed at a workshop held to determine whether those functions previously performed manually on the flight deck of commercial aircraft should always be automated in view of various human factors. Issues which require research for resolution were identified. The research questions developed are presented
Schulman Replies
This is a reply to a comment of Casati, Chirikov and Zhirov (PRL 85, 896
(2000)) on PRL 83, 5419 (1999).
The suitability of the particlar two-time boundary value problem used in the
earlier PRL is argued
Transfer Entropy as a Log-likelihood Ratio
Transfer entropy, an information-theoretic measure of time-directed
information transfer between joint processes, has steadily gained popularity in
the analysis of complex stochastic dynamics in diverse fields, including the
neurosciences, ecology, climatology and econometrics. We show that for a broad
class of predictive models, the log-likelihood ratio test statistic for the
null hypothesis of zero transfer entropy is a consistent estimator for the
transfer entropy itself. For finite Markov chains, furthermore, no explicit
model is required. In the general case, an asymptotic chi-squared distribution
is established for the transfer entropy estimator. The result generalises the
equivalence in the Gaussian case of transfer entropy and Granger causality, a
statistical notion of causal influence based on prediction via vector
autoregression, and establishes a fundamental connection between directed
information transfer and causality in the Wiener-Granger sense
The impact of cockpit automation on crew coordination and communication. Volume 1: Overview, LOFT evaluations, error severity, and questionnaire data
The purpose was to examine, jointly, cockpit automation and social processes. Automation was varied by the choice of two radically different versions of the DC-9 series aircraft, the traditional DC-9-30, and the glass cockpit derivative, the MD-88. Airline pilot volunteers flew a mission in the simulator for these aircraft. Results show that the performance differences between the crews of the two aircraft were generally small, but where there were differences, they favored the DC-9. There were no criteria on which the MD-88 crews performed better than the DC-9 crews. Furthermore, DC-9 crews rated their own workload as lower than did the MD-88 pilots. There were no significant differences between the two aircraft types with respect to the severity of errors committed during the Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT) flight. The attitude questionnaires provided some interesting insights, but failed to distinguish between DC-9 and MD-88 crews
Conceptualizing cultures of violence and cultural change
The historiography of violence has undergone a distinct cultural turn as attention has shifted from examining violence as a clearly defined (and countable) social problem to analysing its historically defined 'social meaning'. Nevertheless, the precise nature of the relationship between 'violence' and 'culture' is still being established. How are 'cultures of violence' formed? What impact do they have on violent behaviour? How do they change? This essay examines some of the conceptual aspects of the relationship between culture and violence. It brings together empirical research into nineteenth-century England with recent research results from other European contexts to examine three aspects of the relationship between culture and violence. These are organised under the labels 'seeing violence', 'identifying the violent' and 'changing violence'. Within a particular society, narratives regarding particular kinds of behaviour shape cultural attitudes. The notion 'violence' is thus defined in relation to physically aggressive acts as well as by being connected to other kinds of attitudes and contexts. As a result, the boundaries between physical aggression which is legitimate and that which is illegitimate (and thus 'violence') are set. Once 'violence' is defined, particular cultures form ideas about who is responsible for it: reactions to violence become associated with social arrangements such as class and gender as well as to attitudes toward the self. Finally, cultures of violence make efforts to tame or eradicate illegitimate forms of physical aggression. This process is not only connected to the development of new forms of power (e.g., new policing or punishment strategies) but also to less tangible cultural influences which aim at changing the behaviour defined as violence (in particular among the social groups identified as violent). Even if successful, this three-tiered process of seeing violence, identifying the violent and changing violence continues anew, emphasising the ways that cultures of violence develop through a continuous process of reevaluation and reinvention
"Which-path information" and partial polarization in single-photon interference experiments
It is shown that the degree of polarization of light, generated by
superposition in a single-photon interference experiment, may depend on the
indistinguishability of the photon-paths.Comment: 9 page
Shot-noise limited monitoring and phase locking of the motion of a single trapped ion
We perform high-resolution real-time read-out of the motion of a single
trapped and laser-cooled Ba ion. By using an interferometric setup we
demonstrate shot-noise limited measurement of thermal oscillations with
resolution of 4 times the standard quantum limit. We apply the real-time
monitoring for phase control of the ion motion through a feedback loop,
suppressing the photon recoil-induced phase diffusion. Due to the spectral
narrowing in phase-locked mode, the coherent ion oscillation is measured with
resolution of about 0.3 times the standard quantum limit
Thermodynamics of adiabatic feedback control
We study adaptive control of classical ergodic Hamiltonian systems, where the
controlling parameter varies slowly in time and is influenced by system's state
(feedback). An effective adiabatic description is obtained for slow variables
of the system. A general limit on the feedback induced negative entropy
production is uncovered. It relates the quickest negentropy production to
fluctuations of the control Hamiltonian. The method deals efficiently with the
entropy-information trade off.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figur
On the stability of solutions of certain systems of differential equations with piecewise constant argument
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