Controlling the Momentum Current of an Off-resonant Ratchet

We experimentally investigate the phenomenon of a quantum ratchet created by exposing a Bose-Einstein Condensate to short pulses of a potential which is periodic in both space and time. Such a ratchet is manifested by a directed current of particles, even though there is an absence of a net bias force. We confirm a recent theoretical prediction [M. Sadgrove and S. Wimberger, New J. Phys. \textbf{11}, 083027 (2009)] that the current direction can be controlled by experimental parameters which leave the underlying symmetries of the system unchanged. We demonstrate that this behavior can be understood using a single variable containing many of the experimental parameters and thus the ratchet current is describable using a single universal scaling law.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1210.565

Soil Chemical Properties Under Conservation Agriculture and Cereal-Based Cropping System in Eastern Tarai of Nepal

Field experiments were conducted for four years (2014-2017) at five locations namely Salbani, Bhokraha, Simariya, Bhaluwa and Kaptanganj of Sunsari district to assess the changes in soil chemical properties under conservation agriculture (CA)-based practices in two cropping systems namely rice-kidney bean-maize at Salbani and rice-wheat at rest of the locations. In rice-wheat cropping system, there were four treatments: (1) conventional tillage (CT) for rice transplantation and subsequent wheat sowing, (2) conventional tillage rice transplantation followed by zero tillage (ZT) wheat, (3) unpuddled rice transplantation followed by zero tillage wheat, (4) zero tillage in both rice and wheat. Similarly, in rice-kidney bean-maize cropping system, there were four treatments; (1) conventional tillage for rice transplantation and sowing of both kidney bean and maize, (2) conventional tillage rice transplantation followed by zero tillage in both kidney bean and maize, (3) unpuddled rice transplantation followed by zero tillage in both kidney bean and maize, (4) zero tillage in all three crops. Soil samples were taken at initial and every year after rice harvest.The soil samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH and soil organic matter.Total nitrogen (N) showed a slightly decreasing trend in the first three years and showed a slight increase at the end of experiment under ZT in all locations. The total N under ZT changed from 0.12 to 0.13%, 0.05 to 0.06%, 0.10 to 0.12%, 0.11 to 0.08% and 0.09 to 0.13% in Salbani, Bhokraha, Simariya, Bhaluwa and Kaptanganj, respectively.  All locations showed the positive values of available potassium; Salbani  revealing considerable change of 64.3 to 78.5 mg/kg in CT while 68.4 to 73.3 mg/kg in ZT condition. The treatment where rice was transplanted in unpuddled condition and zero tilled to wheat, had a mean value of available phosphorus and potassium as 87.3 and 81.9 mg/kg respectively. Soil pH ranged from 4.8 to 7.1 in CT while it was 5.2 to 6.8 in ZT across the locations. The change in soil organic matter in CT of all locations except Salbani was narrower as compared to ZT

The influence of soils on heterotrophic respiration exerts a strong control on net ecosystem productivity in seasonally dry Amazonian forests

Net ecosystem productivity of carbon (NEP) in seasonally dry forests of the Amazon varies greatly between sites with similar precipitation patterns. Correctly modeling the NEP seasonality with terrestrial ecosystem models has proven difficult. Previous modelling studies have mostly advocated for incorporating processes that act to reduce water stress on gross primary productivity (GPP) during the dry season, such as deep soils and roots, plant-mediated hydraulic redistribution of soil moisture, and increased dry season leaf litter generation which reduces leaf age and thus increases photosynthetic capacity. Recent observations, however, indicate that seasonality in heterotrophic respiration also contributes to the observed seasonal cycle of NEP. Here, we use the dynamic vegetation model CLASS-CTEM (Canadian Land Surface Scheme–Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model) – without deep soils or roots, hydraulic redistribution of soil moisture, or increased dry season litter generation – at two Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment (LBA) sites (Tapajós km 83 and Jarú Reserve). These LBA sites exhibit opposite seasonal NEP cycles despite reasonably similar meteorological conditions. Our simulations are able to reproduce the observed NEP seasonality at both sites. Simulated GPP, heterotrophic respiration, latent and sensible heat fluxes, litter fall rate, soil moisture and temperature, and basic vegetation state are also compared with available observation-based estimates which provide confidence that overall the model behaves realistically at the two sites. Our results indicate that representing the effect of soil moisture on heterotrophic respiration in terms of soil matric potential and constraining heterotrophic respiration when absolute soil matric potential is both low (wetter soils) and high (drier soils), with optimum conditions in between, allows %appropriately representing the influence of soil texture and depth, %through soil moisture, on seasonal patterns of GPP and, especially, % heterotrophic respiration is important to correctly simulate NEP seasonality

Introduction to cross laminated timber and development of design procedures for Australia and New Zealand

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product which is gaining popularity in Europe and North America as a sustainable alternative to concrete and steel construction in commercial and multi-residential buildings. CLT is a panel type product made up of 3 or more layers of timber boards each layer running in orthogonal directions and can be used as wall or floor panels. Investment in sustainable softwood plantations over the past few decades has meant that there is now an abundant supply of renewable timber resources ready to be utilized, to produce light weight buildings with low carbon footprints, smaller foundations and transport requirements and increased speed and ease of construction. There is an increasing interest within the construction industry in Australia to start producing CLT panels. Research at the University of Technology Sydney has shown that CLT panels manufactured within Australia from Australian grown timber can compete with international products. CLT floor panels have been found to have significant strength to weight benefits, the potential to be used as two-way spans, higher than predicted char ratios and can comply with Building Code of Australia (BCA) requirements for acoustic design. This paper presents an overview of research and work completed to date, and a discussion of issues that have been identified and addressed to establish design procedures for CLT to meet Australian building standards and code requirements

Modelling the bond slip behaviour of FRP externally bonded to timber

Recent studies and applications have demonstrated that Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has become a mainstream technology for the strengthening and/ or rehabilitation of ageing and deteriorated structures. However, one of the main problems which limit the full utilisation of the FRP material strength is the premature failure due to debonding. This research study presents 1) a review of available FRP-to-timber and FRP-to-concrete bonded interface models, and 2) investigates factors affecting bond strength. A stepwise regression method has then been employed to evaluate the influence of potential factors on the bond strength. The proposed stepwise regression model is based on 195 experimental results of FRP-to-timber bonded interfaces. Results of this stepwise regression analysis are then assessed with results of pull-out tests and satisfactory comparisons are achieved between measured failure loads (R2=0.59) and the predicted loads (R2=0.71, P<0.0001)

Timber type effect on bond strength of frp externally bonded timber

© WCTE 2018 Committee. The performance of FRP composite bonded externally to timber is complex and limited attempts have been made to-date to investigate the bond behaviour of the FRP to timber interface. Furthermore, analytical solutions to determine the interface behaviour of FRP to timber have not been fully investigated and are not covered in current standards. This study investigates the influence of timber type and timber mechanical properties on the bond strength of FRP-to-timber joints. Two different types of timber (LVL and hardwood) have been used and results of experimental tests showed that with the increase of timber tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, the interfacial bond strength increases; however, the failure mode can be brittle. Specimens made from LVL exhibited more ductile behaviour failing gradually; while joints made from hardwood failed suddenly in a brittle manner. It was also observed that the local slip between FRP and timber was higher for joints fabricated from LVL compared to hardwood. Therefore, to achieve a satisfactory bonded joint, the effectiveness of timber mechanical properties is required to be accurately considered

Bond strength model for externally bonded FRP-to-timber interface

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Despite the large number of studies on externally bonded elements using FRP composites, there is a significant knowledge gap to gain a comprehensive understanding of potential parameters such as bond width, bond length, material properties and geometries that influence bond strength. Behaviour of FRP bonded to concrete has been well investigated and there are a number of experimental and theoretical studies in this area; however, limited attempts have been made to investigate the bond behaviour of the FRP to timber interface. This paper reports an investigation on the behaviour of FRP externally bonded to timber. A novel theoretical model has been developed through stepwise regression analysis of 136 single shear FRP-to-timber joints. This has led to establishing a new predictive model for determination of the bond strength for FRP-to-timber joints. Results of this stepwise regression analysis are then assessed with results of experimental tests, and satisfactory comparisons have been achieved between ultimate applied loads and the predicted loads. Finally, a significant improvement in prediction of bond behaviour has been achieved when results of the proposed analytical model compared with the existing models from the literature, signifying the capability of the new models

Experimental and analytical investigation on CFRP strengthened glulam laminated timber beams: Full-scale experiments

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Timber is one of the most appealing and aesthetic construction materials with excellent characteristics compared with other construction materials such as steel, concrete and clay bricks. It is one of the oldest sustainable construction materials and still continues to be a popular choice in modern infrastructure. In recent years, fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) has emerged to improve mechanical properties even further. In this study, results of experimental tests on strengthened glulam beams have been used to investigate potential parameters affecting flexural strength and ultimate load carrying capacity of glulam beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP sheets. Eight full-scale timber beams with and without FRP reinforcement were tested where the bonded length, width, and thickness of the FRP was varied for FRP strengthened beams. The test results pointed out that reduction of stress concentrations can enhance the mechanical performance of the strengthened beams. The ultimate load carrying capacity and flexural strength of reinforced beams improved significantly when bond length and bond width increased. Results of experiments showed that further increase in bond thickness predominantly improves stiffness and ductility of the strengthened timber beams which has a significant enhancement in ultimate deflection and serviceability limit state. An analytical model has been established to determine the ultimate flexural capacity of strengthened timber beam. Satisfactory correlation is achieved between measured and predicted flexural capacity, signifying the capability of the new models