133 research outputs found
Simplified Coalgebraic Trace Equivalence
The analysis of concurrent and reactive systems is based to a large degree on
various notions of process equivalence, ranging, on the so-called
linear-time/branching-time spectrum, from fine-grained equivalences such as
strong bisimilarity to coarse-grained ones such as trace equivalence. The
theory of concurrent systems at large has benefited from developments in
coalgebra, which has enabled uniform definitions and results that provide a
common umbrella for seemingly disparate system types including
non-deterministic, weighted, probabilistic, and game-based systems. In
particular, there has been some success in identifying a generic coalgebraic
theory of bisimulation that matches known definitions in many concrete cases.
The situation is currently somewhat less settled regarding trace equivalence. A
number of coalgebraic approaches to trace equivalence have been proposed, none
of which however cover all cases of interest; notably, all these approaches
depend on explicit termination, which is not always imposed in standard
systems, e.g. LTS. Here, we discuss a joint generalization of these approaches
based on embedding functors modelling various aspects of the system, such as
transition and braching, into a global monad; this approach appears to cover
all cases considered previously and some additional ones, notably standard LTS
and probabilistic labelled transition systems
A new approach to predict the fish fillet shelf-life in presence of natural preservative agents
Three data sets concerning the behaviour of spoilage flora of fillets treated with natural preservative substances (NPS) were used to construct a new kind of mathematical predictive model. This model, unlike other ones, allows expressing the antibacterial effect of the NPS separately from the prediction of the growth rate. This approach, based on the introduction of a parameter into the predictive primary model, produced a good fitting of observed data and allowed characterising quantitatively the increase of shelf-life of fillets
Interstitial Cell Remodeling Promotes Aberrant Adipogenesis in Dystrophic Muscles.
Fibrosis and fat replacement in skeletal muscle are major complications that lead to a loss of mobility in chronic muscle disorders, such as muscular dystrophy. However, the in vivo properties of adipogenic stem and precursor cells remain unclear, mainly due to the high cell heterogeneity in skeletal muscles. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to decomplexify interstitial cell populations in healthy and dystrophic skeletal muscles. We identify an interstitial CD142-positive cell population in mice and humans that is responsible for the inhibition of adipogenesis through GDF10 secretion. Furthermore, we show that the interstitial cell composition is completely altered in muscular dystrophy, with a near absence of CD142-positive cells. The identification of these adipo-regulatory cells in the skeletal muscle aids our understanding of the aberrant fat deposition in muscular dystrophy, paving the way for treatments that could counteract degeneration in patients with muscular dystrophy
Precise Measurements of Self-absorbed Rising Reverse Shock Emission from Gamma-ray Burst 221009A
The deaths of massive stars are sometimes accompanied by the launch of highly
relativistic and collimated jets. If the jet is pointed towards Earth, we
observe a "prompt" gamma-ray burst due to internal shocks or magnetic
reconnection events within the jet, followed by a long-lived broadband
synchrotron afterglow as the jet interacts with the circum-burst material.
While there is solid observational evidence that emission from multiple shocks
contributes to the afterglow signature, detailed studies of the reverse shock,
which travels back into the explosion ejecta, are hampered by a lack of
early-time observations, particularly in the radio band. We present rapid
follow-up radio observations of the exceptionally bright gamma-ray burst GRB
221009A which reveal an optically thick rising component from the reverse shock
in unprecedented detail both temporally and in frequency space. From this, we
are able to constrain the size, Lorentz factor, and internal energy of the
outflow while providing accurate predictions for the location of the peak
frequency of the reverse shock in the first few hours after the burst.Comment: 11 figures, 4 table
Establishment of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Erythroid Progenitor Cell Lines Able to Produce Functional Red Blood Cells
BACKGROUND: The supply of transfusable red blood cells (RBCs) is not sufficient in many countries. If erythroid cell lines able to produce transfusable RBCs in vitro were established, they would be valuable resources. However, such cell lines have not been established. To evaluate the feasibility of establishing useful erythroid cell lines, we attempted to establish such cell lines from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We developed a robust method to obtain differentiated cell lines following the induction of hematopoietic differentiation of mouse ES cells and established five independent hematopoietic cell lines using the method. Three of these lines exhibited characteristics of erythroid cells. Although their precise characteristics varied, each of these lines could differentiate in vitro into more mature erythroid cells, including enucleated RBCs. Following transplantation of these erythroid cells into mice suffering from acute anemia, the cells proliferated transiently, subsequently differentiated into functional RBCs, and significantly ameliorated the acute anemia. In addition, we did not observe formation of any tumors following transplantation of these cells. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to show the feasibility of establishing erythroid cell lines able to produce mature RBCs. Considering the number of human ES cell lines that have been established so far, the intensive testing of a number of these lines for erythroid potential may allow the establishment of human erythroid cell lines similar to the mouse erythroid cell lines described here. In addition, our results strongly suggest the possibility of establishing useful cell lines committed to specific lineages other than hematopoietic progenitors from human ES cells
VLBI observations of GRB 201015A, a relatively faint GRB with a hint of very high-energy gamma-ray emission
Context. A total of four long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been confirmed at very high-energy (≥100GeV) with high significance, and any possible peculiarities of these bursts will become clearer as the number of detected events increases. Multi-wavelength follow-up campaigns are required to extract information on the physical conditions within the jets that lead to the very high-energy counterpart, hence they are crucial to reveal the properties of this class of bursts. Aims. GRB 201015A is a long-duration GRB detected using the MAGIC telescopes from ~40 s after the burst. If confirmed, this would be the fifth and least luminous GRB ever detected at these energies. The goal of this work is to constrain the global and microphysical parameters of its afterglow phase, and to discuss the main properties of this burst in a broader context. Methods. Since the radio band, together with frequent optical and X-ray observations, proved to be a fundamental tool for overcoming the degeneracy in the afterglow modelling, we performed a radio follow-up of GRB 201015A over 12 different epochs, from 1.4 days (2020 October 17) to 117 days (2021 February 9) post-burst, with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, e-MERLIN, and the European VLBI Network. We include optical and X-ray observations, performed respectively with the Multiple Mirror Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory, together with publicly available data, in order to build multi-wavelength light curves and to compare them with the standard fireball model. Results. We detected a point-like transient, consistent with the position of GRB 201015A until 23 and 47 days post-burst at 1.5 and 5 GHz, respectively. No emission was detected in subsequent radio observations. The source was also detected in optical (1.4 and 2.2 days post-burst) and in X-ray (8.4 and 13.6 days post-burst) observations. Conclusions. The multi-wavelength afterglow light curves can be explained with the standard model for a GRB seen on-axis, which expands and decelerates into a medium with a homogeneous density. A circumburst medium with a wind-like profile is disfavoured. Notwithstanding the high resolution provided by the VLBI, we could not pinpoint any expansion or centroid displacement of the outflow. If the GRB is seen at the viewing angle θ that maximises the apparent velocity βapp (i.e. θ ~ βapp-1), we estimate that the Lorentz factor for the possible proper motion is Гα ≤ 40 in right ascension and Гδ ≤ 61 in declination. On the other hand, if the GRB is seen on-axis, the size of the afterglow is ≤5pc and ≤16pc at 25 and 47 days. Finally, the early peak in the optical light curve suggests the presence of a reverse shock component before 0.01 days from the burst
Panning for gold, but finding helium: discovery of the ultra-stripped supernova SN2019wxt from gravitational-wave follow-up observations
We present the results from multi-wavelength observations of a transient
discovered during the follow-up of S191213g, a gravitational wave (GW) event
reported by the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration as a possible binary neutron star
merger in a low latency search. This search yielded SN2019wxt, a young
transient in a galaxy whose sky position (in the 80\% GW contour) and distance
(150\,Mpc) were plausibly compatible with the localisation uncertainty of
the GW event. Initially, the transient's tightly constrained age, its
relatively faint peak magnitude (\,mag) and the band
decline rate of \,mag per 5\,days appeared suggestive of a compact
binary merger. However, SN2019wxt spectroscopically resembled a type Ib
supernova, and analysis of the optical-near-infrared evolution rapidly led to
the conclusion that while it could not be associated with S191213g, it
nevertheless represented an extreme outcome of stellar evolution. By modelling
the light curve, we estimated an ejecta mass of , with
Ni comprising of this. We were broadly able to reproduce its
spectral evolution with a composition dominated by helium and oxygen, with
trace amounts of calcium. We considered various progenitors that could give
rise to the observed properties of SN2019wxt, and concluded that an
ultra-stripped origin in a binary system is the most likely explanation.
Disentangling electromagnetic counterparts to GW events from transients such as
SN2019wxt is challenging: in a bid to characterise the level of contamination,
we estimated the rate of events with properties comparable to those of
SN2019wxt and found that such event per week can occur within the
typical GW localisation area of O4 alerts out to a luminosity distance of
500\,Mpc, beyond which it would become fainter than the typical depth of
current electromagnetic follow-up campaigns.Comment: By the ENGRAVE collaboration (engrave-eso.org). 35 pages, 20 figures,
final version accepted by A&
Erythroid-Specific Expression of β-globin from Sleeping Beauty-Transduced Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells
Gene therapy for sickle cell disease will require efficient delivery of a tightly regulated and stably expressed gene product to provide an effective therapy. In this study we utilized the non-viral Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system using the SB100X hyperactive transposase to transduce human cord blood CD34+ cells with DsRed and a hybrid IHK–β-globin transgene. IHK transduced cells were successfully differentiated into multiple lineages which all showed transgene integration. The mature erythroid cells had an increased β-globin to γ-globin ratio from 0.66±0.08 to 1.05±0.12 (p = 0.05), indicating expression of β-globin from the integrated SB transgene. IHK–β-globin mRNA was found in non-erythroid cell types, similar to native β-globin mRNA that was also expressed at low levels. Additional studies in the hematopoietic K562 cell line confirmed the ability of cHS4 insulator elements to protect DsRed and IHK–β-globin transgenes from silencing in long-term culture studies. Insulated transgenes had statistically significant improvement in the maintenance of long term expression, while preserving transgene regulation. These results support the use of Sleeping Beauty vectors in carrying an insulated IHK–β-globin transgene for gene therapy of sickle cell disease
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