2,154 research outputs found
Arc Modeling in Industrial Applications
Simulation methods are routinely applied in the design and development process of power distribution devices. Arcing phenomena that occur during switching operations or fault events are modeled to optimize device performance and gain deeper insights into the behavior that testing cannot easily provide. In this contribution, some applications are presented in detail. The first example describes the distribution of debris that is generated inside a molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) during short-circuit interruption. A model is used to analyze the debris transport and to derive a solution to address issues caused by the debris. Second application example is a cooling device for hot plasma gases vented by circuit breakers. A model driven design process helps to define the device dimensions to achieve a safe temperature level of the exhaust gases. The third example deals with short-circuit behavior of a hollow core high voltage surge arrester, comparing model and experimental results
Atomic Beams
Contains reports on two research projects.Lincoln Laboratory (Purchase Order DDL-B187)Department of the ArmyDepartment of the NavyDepartment of the Air Force under Contract AF19(122)-45
All-Sky spectrally matched UBVRI-ZY and u'g'r'i'z' magnitudes for stars in the Tycho2 catalog
We present fitted UBVRI-ZY and u'g'r'i'z' magnitudes, spectral types and
distances for 2.4M stars, derived from synthetic photometry of a library
spectrum that best matches the Tycho2 BtVt, NOMAD Rn and 2MASS JHK_{2/S}
catalog magnitudes. We present similarly synthesized multi-filter magnitudes,
types and distances for 4.8M stars with 2MASS and SDSS photometry to g<16
within the Sloan survey region, for Landolt and Sloan primary standards, and
for Sloan Northern (PT) and Southern secondary standards.
The synthetic magnitude zeropoints for BtVt, UBVRI, ZvYv, JHK_{2/S},
JHK_{MKO}, Stromgren uvby, Sloan u'g'r'i'z' and ugriz are calibrated on 20
calspec spectrophotometric standards. The UBVRI and ugriz zeropoints have
dispersions of 1--3%, for standards covering a range of color from -0.3 < V-I <
4.6; those for other filters are in the range 2--5%.
The spectrally matched fits to Tycho2 stars provide estimated 1-sigma errors
per star of ~0.2, 0.15, 0.12, 0.10 and 0.08 mags respectively in either UBVRI
or u'g'r'i'z'; those for at least 70% of the SDSS survey region to g<16 have
estimated 1-sigma errors per star of ~0.2, 0.06, 0.04, 0.04, 0.05 in u'g'r'i'z'
or UBVRI.
The density of Tycho2 stars, averaging about 60 stars per square degree,
provides sufficient stars to enable automatic flux calibrations for most
digital images with fields of view of 0.5 degree or more. Using several such
standards per field, automatic flux calibration can be achieved to a few
percent in any filter, at any airmass, in most workable observing conditions,
to facilitate inter-comparison of data from different sites, telescopes and
instruments.Comment: 36 pages, 30 figures, 3 printed tables, several electronic tables,
accepted PASP Dec 201
The Large Quasar Reference Frame (LQRF) - an optical representation of the ICRS
The large number and all-sky distribution of quasars from different surveys,
along with their presence in large, deep astrometric catalogs,enables the
building of an optical materialization of the ICRS following its defining
principles. Namely: that it is kinematically non-rotating with respect to the
ensemble of distant extragalactic objects; aligned with the mean equator and
dynamical equinox of J2000; and realized by a list of adopted coordinates of
extragalatic sources. Starting from the updated and presumably complete LQAC
list of QSOs, the initial optical positions of those quasars are found in the
USNO B1.0 and GSC2.3 catalogs, and from the SDSS DR5. The initial positions are
next placed onto UCAC2-based reference frames, following by an alignment with
the ICRF, to which were added the most precise sources from the VLBA calibrator
list and the VLA calibrator list - when reliable optical counterparts exist.
Finally, the LQRF axes are inspected through spherical harmonics, contemplating
to define right ascension, declination and magnitude terms. The LQRF contains
J2000 referred equatorial coordinates for 100,165 quasars, well represented
across the sky, from -83.5 to +88.5 degrees in declination, and with 10 arcmin
being the average distance between adjacent elements. The global alignment with
the ICRF is 1.5 mas, and the individual position accuracies are represented by
a Poisson distribution that peaks at 139 mas in right ascension and 130 mas in
declination. It is complemented by redshift and photometry information from the
LQAC. The LQRF is designed to be an astrometric frame, but it is also the basis
for the GAIA mission initial quasars' list, and can be used as a test bench for
quasars' space distribution and luminosity function studies.Comment: 23 pages, 23 figures, 6 tables Accepted for publication by Astronomy
& Astrophysics, on 25 May 200
Astrometric Positions and Proper Motions of 19 Radio Stars
We have used the Very Large Array, linked with the Pie Town Very Long
Baseline Array antenna, to determine astrometric positions of 19 radio stars in
the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). The positions of these
stars were directly linked to the positions of distant quasars through phase
referencing observations. The positions of the ICRF quasars are known to 0.25
mas, thus providing an absolute reference at the angular resolution of our
radio observations. Average values for the errors in our derived positions for
all sources were 13 mas and 16 mas in R.A. and declination respectively, with
accuracies approaching 1-2 mas for some of the stars observed. Differences
between the ICRF positions of the 38 quasars, and those measured from our
observations showed no systematic offsets, with mean values of -0.3 mas in R.A.
and -1.0 mas in declination. Standard deviations of the quasar position
differences of 17 mas and 11 mas in R.A. and declination respectively, are
consistent with the mean position errors determined for the stars. Our measured
positions were combined with previous Very Large Array measurements taken from
1978-1995 to determine the proper motions of 15 of the stars in our list. With
mean errors of approximately 1.6 mas/yr, the accuracies of our proper motions
approach those derived from Hipparcos, and for a few of the stars in our
program, are better than the Hipparcos values. Comparing the positions of our
radio stars with the Hipparcos catalog, we find that at the epoch of our
observations, the two frames are aligned to within formal errors of
approximately 3 mas. This result confirms that the Hipparcos frame is inertial
at the expected level.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures Accepted by the Astronomical Journal, 2003 March
1
Relative diagnostic, prognostic and economic value of stress echocardiography versus exercise electrocardiography as initial investigation for the detection of coronary artery disease in patients with new onset suspected angina.
OBJECTIVES: We hypothesised that stress echocardiography (SE), may be superior to exercise ECG (ExECG), for predicting CAD and outcome, and cost-beneficial, when performed as initial investigation in newly suspected angina. METHODS: All patients seen in 2011, with suspected angina, no history of CAD, pre-test likelihood of CAD of > 10% and who underwent SE or ExECG as first line were identified retrospectively. Cost to diagnosis was calculated by adding the cost of all tests, up to and including coronary angiography (CA), on an intention-to-treat basis. Follow-up data on cardiac death and myocardial infarction (MI) were collected, 26 months after the presentation of the last study patient. RESULTS: A total of 456 patients underwent ExECG (224 (49%) negative, 93 (20%) positive, 139 (31%) inconclusive) and 241 underwent SE (200 (83%) negative, 35 (15%) positive, 6 (2%) inconclusive) as first line. In patients subsequently undergoing CA, CAD was present in 46% (37/80) of patients with positive ExECG vs. 72% (23/32) patients with positive SE (p = 0.01). Mean cost to diagnosis was £456 for the ExECG vs. £360 for the SE group (p = 0.002). Over a mean follow-up period of 31 ± 5 months, cardiac events were 2% each in negative SE vs. negative ExECG (p = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: SE is superior to ExECG for prediction of CAD and is cost-beneficial when used as initial test in patients with no history of CAD presenting with suspected angina
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