VIRAL DISEASES IN SEA FISH

Današnje spoznaje o bolestima morskih riba, uzrokovanih virusima, JOS su uvijek nedostatne. Do sada je u riba koje cijeli svoj životni ciklus ili samo jedan njegov dio provedu u morskoj sredini utvrđeno nekoliko virusnih bolesti (limfocistis, virusna nekroza eritrocita, sindrom čiravosti bakalara, encefalitis, virusna hemoragijska septikemija, zarazna hematopoezna nekroza, zarazna nekroza gušterače, chum reovirusna infekcija, branhionefritis, rabdovirusna infekcija jegulja). Neke se od njih u prvome redu pojavljuju u slatkovodnoj fazi razvoja domaćina, ali postoje bilješke da se zaraza nastavlja i u preživjelih primjeraka koji dospiju u morsku sredinu. Kako se povećava broj morskih vrsta riba u kontroliranom uzgoju, tako se uočava i sve veći broj patoloških stanja uzrokovanih virusima, pa je tom području potrebno posvetiti pažnju u budućim istraživanjima.Adequate knowledge on fish diseases caused by viruses is still lacking. Up until now, in fish which live their entire life cycle or part of it in the sea, some viral diseases have been determined (lymphoeytis, viral necrosis of crythrocytes, ciravosti cod syndrome, encephalitis, viral hemoragic septichemistry, viral hematopoetic necrosis, viral gusteraca necrosis, chum renviral infection, branchionephritis, rabdociral eel infection). Some of these diseases primarily occur in the freshwater phase of host development, although recordings exist that the virus is carried on in surving samples which succeed in making it to the sea. As the number of sea fish species increases in controlled culture a increasing number of pathological cases are observed, which is caused by viruses. Therefore, in this area it is necessary to emphasize future investigations

High-throughput discrimination of bacteria isolated from Astacus astacus and A. leptodactylus

Bacterial diseases and pathogens of crayfish are common, widespread, and occasionally causing serious mortalities. In order to take rapid measures for correct treatment of crayfish diseases, the turnover time and accuracy in bacterial identification is an issue. Bacteria isolated from tissues of apparently healthy Astacus astacus and A. leptodactylus were identified by the commercial phenotypic tests (API 20E) and by the matrix assisted laser induced desorption ionization connected to the time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). For Gram-negative rods, API 20E resulted in fewer species identifications than MALDI-TOF MS (5.2% versus 52.61%). The most frequently identified genus from A. astacus and A. leptodactylus was Pseudomonas spp.: API 20E (47.82%) and MALDI-TOF MS (52.17%). Both systems identified 60.86% of total isolates identically to the genus. Hafnia alvei was the only isolate for which API 20E and MALDI-TOF MS had a concordant reading to the species. MALDI-TOF MS proved to be a powerful, low-cost, rapid tool in bacterial genus identification. This is the first report of a direct comparison between the two systems for the identification of bacteria in crayfish, and also the first report on using MALDI-TOF MS for discrimination of freshwater crayfish bacterial isolates

VIRAL DISEASES IN SEA FISH

Današnje spoznaje o bolestima morskih riba, uzrokovanih virusima, JOS su uvijek nedostatne. Do sada je u riba koje cijeli svoj životni ciklus ili samo jedan njegov dio provedu u morskoj sredini utvrđeno nekoliko virusnih bolesti (limfocistis, virusna nekroza eritrocita, sindrom čiravosti bakalara, encefalitis, virusna hemoragijska septikemija, zarazna hematopoezna nekroza, zarazna nekroza gušterače, chum reovirusna infekcija, branhionefritis, rabdovirusna infekcija jegulja). Neke se od njih u prvome redu pojavljuju u slatkovodnoj fazi razvoja domaćina, ali postoje bilješke da se zaraza nastavlja i u preživjelih primjeraka koji dospiju u morsku sredinu. Kako se povećava broj morskih vrsta riba u kontroliranom uzgoju, tako se uočava i sve veći broj patoloških stanja uzrokovanih virusima, pa je tom području potrebno posvetiti pažnju u budućim istraživanjima.Adequate knowledge on fish diseases caused by viruses is still lacking. Up until now, in fish which live their entire life cycle or part of it in the sea, some viral diseases have been determined (lymphoeytis, viral necrosis of crythrocytes, ciravosti cod syndrome, encephalitis, viral hemoragic septichemistry, viral hematopoetic necrosis, viral gusteraca necrosis, chum renviral infection, branchionephritis, rabdociral eel infection). Some of these diseases primarily occur in the freshwater phase of host development, although recordings exist that the virus is carried on in surving samples which succeed in making it to the sea. As the number of sea fish species increases in controlled culture a increasing number of pathological cases are observed, which is caused by viruses. Therefore, in this area it is necessary to emphasize future investigations

High-throughput discrimination of bacteria isolated from Astacus astacus and A. leptodactylus

Bacterial diseases and pathogens of crayfish are common, widespread, and occasionally causing serious mortalities. In order to take rapid measures for correct treatment of crayfish diseases, the turnover time and accuracy in bacterial identification is an issue. Bacteria isolated from tissues of apparently healthy Astacus astacus and A. leptodactylus were identified by the commercial phenotypic tests (API 20E) and by the matrix assisted laser induced desorption ionization connected to the time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). For Gram-negative rods, API 20E resulted in fewer species identifications than MALDI-TOF MS (5.2% versus 52.61%). The most frequently identified genus from A. astacus and A. leptodactylus was Pseudomonas spp.: API 20E (47.82%) and MALDI-TOF MS (52.17%). Both systems identified 60.86% of total isolates identically to the genus. Hafnia alvei was the only isolate for which API 20E and MALDI-TOF MS had a concordant reading to the species. MALDI-TOF MS proved to be a powerful, low-cost, rapid tool in bacterial genus identification. This is the first report of a direct comparison between the two systems for the identification of bacteria in crayfish, and also the first report on using MALDI-TOF MS for discrimination of freshwater crayfish bacterial isolates