Криптовалюта с точки зрения исламского права

This paper provides a brief explanation of the block chain and the concept of “crypto currency”, followed by an analysis of Bitcoin for permissibility from the point of view of Shari‘ah. The decisions of well-known houses of fatwas were considered, and a number of criteria were developed and adopted with the help of which the Shari‘ah position of a particular crypto currency can be assessed. The article identifi es provisions and decisions that can become the basis for issuing fatwas related to issues that concern many Muslims who care about the permissibility of their earnings.В настоящей работе представлено краткое разъяснение блок- чейна и понятия «криптовалюта», с последующим анализом биткоина на дозволенность с точки зрения шариата. Рассмотрены решения известных домов фетв, а также разработан и принят ряд критериев, при помощи которых, можно оценить шариатское положение той или иной криптовалюты. В статье выявлены положения и решения, которые могут стать основанием для вынесения фетв, связанных с вопросами, которые волнуют многих мусульман, проявляющих заботу о дозволенности своего заработка

Orthopaedic treatment of patients using the device to determine and fix the central bite

A large number of errors, which often occur in prosthodontics in prosthetics patients with non-fixed bite, mainly related to the quality of the determination and the central Bite. Violation of the natural position of the mandible leads to a pathological condition in a patient from the TMJ and masticatory muscles goal of our work was the development and application of new devices for the measurement and recording centric relation jaw. Proper identification and recording centric relation jaw can improve the quality of prosthetic patients in terms of functional value of dentures and accelerate the process of adaptation of patients to removable dentures.Большое количество ошибок, которые часто встречаются в практике ортопедической стоматологии при протезировании больных с нефиксированным прикусом, связаны в основном с качеством определения и фиксации центрального соотношения челюстей. Нарушение естественного положения нижней челюсти приводит к возникновению патологических состояний у пациента со стороны височно-нижнечелюстного сустава и жевательной мускулатуры. Целью нашей работы явилось разработка и применение нового устройства для определения и фиксации центрального соотношения челюстей. Правильное определение и фиксация центрального соотношения челюстей позволяет повысить качество протезирования пациентов с точки зрения функциональной ценности съемных протезов и ускорить процесс адаптации больных к съемным протезам

Low- and high-order nonlinear optical characterization of C

Third- and higher-order nonlinear optical processes in fullerenes were studies to define the influence of low-order nonlinearities on the high-order harmonic generation in these media. We measured the nonlinear absorption coefficients of the C60:toluene solution using the 532 and 1064 nm, 50 ps pulses. The high-order harmonic generation was studied during propagation of the 790 nm, 150 fs pulses through the plasmas produced on surfaces containing fullerene powder. These studies have shown that the low-order nonlinearities of fullerenes have no impact on the generation of harmonics in such mediums in the vacuum ultraviolet range at optimal intensity of laser radiation

Third harmonic generation of laser radiation in Fe- and Zn-doped polyvinylpyrrolidone

The results of third-order nonlinear susceptibilities studies of Fe- and Zn-doped polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) aqueous solution in processes of third harmonic generation of Nd:YAG laser radiation are presented. Nonlinear susceptibilities of PVP:Fe and PVP:Zn were calculated to be $5\times10^{-13}$ esu and $3\times10^{-13}$ esu respectively. Third harmonic conversion efficiencies in these metallocomplexes were measured to be $8\times 10^{-7}$ and $5\times 10^{-7}$ respectively. The Z-scan method was applied to determine Kerr effect influence on frequency conversion process. The value of nonlinear refractive index of PVP:Fe at the wavelength of $\lambda = 1\,064$ nm was measured to be $n_2 = - 6.7\times 10^{-13}$ esu

Impact of Geomagnetic Fields on the Geochemical Evolution of Oil

Here, we reported on experimental studies related to the exposure of oil to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field (0.81 T strength) and examined the changes in the geochemical characteristics of oil: n-alkane distribution, isotopic composition (δ13C), and concentration of paramagnetic centers. We discovered that electromagnetic fields have impacts on the distribution of n-alkanes and on their individual isotopic composition, with the concentration of paramagnetic centers remaining unchanged. While discussing the results, we looked into the state-of-the-art of research on electromagnetic exposures of the bottom-hole formation zone and into natural electric and geomagnetic fields. We consequently hypothesized that natural geomagnetic fields can influence the geochemical evolution processes of oil. This hypothesis requires further studies to reveal the frequency and strength characteristics of natural geomagnetic fields

Room-temperature ferromagnetism and anomalous Hall effect in Si_{1-x}Mn_x (x \approx 0.35) alloys

A detailed study of the magnetic and transport properties of Si1-xMnx (X = 0.35) films is presented. We observe the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in these films up to room temperature. The results of the magnetic measurements and the AHE data are consistent and demonstrate the existence of long-range ferromagnetic (FM) order in the systems under study. A correlation of the AHE and the magnetic properties of Si1-xMnx (X = 0.35) films with their conductivity and substrate type is shown. A theoretical model based on the idea of a two-phase magnetic material, in which molecular clusters with localized magnetic moments are embedded in the matrix of a weak itinerant ferromagnet, is discussed. The long-range ferromagnetic order at high temperatures is mainly due to the Stoner enhancement of the exchange coupling between clusters through thermal spin fluctuations ("paramagnons") in the matrix. Theoretical predictions and experimental data are in good qualitative agreement.Comment: 24 pages with 7 figure