Menopause rating scale: a simple tool for assessment of climacteric symptoms

Background: Menopause is a physiological event, a unique stage of a female reproductive system and transition in life that occurs in all women who reach midlife. The clinical consequence of menopause is due to estrogen deficiency. Some of menopausal symptoms experienced by these women can be severe enough to affect their normal lifestyle. Unfortunately, majority of these women are not aware of the changes brought about by menopause. Objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of different menopausal symptoms and their severity according to menopause rating scale and their impact on quality of life.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted by the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Yenopaya Medical College, Mangalore between June 2020 to August 2020. A total of 210 women who are between the age of 40 and 65 years who had their last menstrual period of at least 1 year ago and were included in the study.Results: In the study majority of subjects were in the age group 46 to 50 years (42.9%). In the study there was significant association between general health and hot flushes, heart discomfort, depressive mood, irritability, physical and mental exhaustion, bladder problems and joint and muscular pain. There was no significant association between general health and sleep problem, anxiety, sexual problems and dryness of vagina.Conclusion: The menopausal rating scale can be used an effective tool while examining the patients for menopausal symptoms. Regular screening of such women can make a huge difference, and their quality of life can be improved

Pregnancy outcome in patient who had first trimester bleeding in previous pregnancy: a prospective study

Background: Patient who had history of spontaneous abortion in her previous pregnancy is associated with adverse outcome in her present pregnancy.Methods: A total 63 pregnant women attending OPD and admitted in department of obstetrics and gynecology, Yenepoya Medical College, from April 2017 to September 2017, considered and outcome were studied.Results: Out of 63 patient’s majority (57.1%) of patients belong to the age group 21-29 year. Anemia was found to be very severe in 4.3%, severe in 10% and moderate in 30% patients. Maximum patients (45.7%) were with history of previous one abortion followed by previous two abortions (38.6%). The final outcomes were term livebirth 47 (74.3%), abortion 9 (14.3%), preterm delivery 5 (8.6%), and stillbirth 2 (2.8%) caesarean section (23.3%) for various indications. 19.23% had term PROM, 9.09% had PPROM, 5.76% had term IUGR, 3.84% term IUD, preterm IUD accounts for 9.09% and still birth accounted for about 1.92% which was term, pre-eclampsia accounted for 4.76%, malpresentation for 7.93%, total 3 cases of antepartum hemorrhage out of which  placenta previa accounts for about 3.1% and abruption for 1.58%, manual removal of placenta 4.7% and low birth weight 7.6%.Conclusions: Previous history of spontaneous abortion is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. There is increased risk of abortion, preterm delivery, need for caesarean sections and fetal loss which can be reduced by booking and giving antenatal care

Intrauterine insemination: a retrospective review on determinants of success

Background: To determine the prognostic factors such as female patient’s characteristics and of semen parameters on the pregnancy rate following intrauterine inseminationMethods: This study was done at Assisted Reproduction Centre, KLE’s Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum, India between June 2011 to May 2012. A total of 264 IUI cycles in which clomiphene citrate with or without human menopausal gonadotropin was used for ovarian stimulation were analysed retrospectively to identify prognostic factors regarding treatment outcome.Results: In this study the pregnancy rate was 17.25%. The logistic regression analysis of variables showed that number of follicles and total IUI cycles were significantly associated with success rate but age of the couple, duration of infertility, endometrial thickness, size of the follicles, sperm count and sperm motility did not show significant differences between pregnant and non pregnant women.Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that age of the couple, duration of infertility, endometrial thickness, size of the follicles, sperm count and sperm motility did not correlate with pregnancy occurrence in an IUI cycle but number of follicles and total IUI cycles correlated with the occurrence of pregnancy.

An unusual case of massive vaginal eversion complicated by obstructive uropathy

Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of the pelvic organs (uterus or bladder or rectum) from their normal anatomical position, in varying combination, into or beyond the vagina as a result of failure of the ligamentous and fascial supports. Sometimes the resulting vaginal eversion or protrusion is so massive it may cause outflow obstruction of one or both ureters. Here authors present a case of a 62 year postmenopausal woman having massive vaginal eversion leading to obstructive uropathy and chronic renal insufficiency. The prolapse was corrected by Sacrohysteropexy

Investigations on Hepatoprotective Activity of Leaf Extracts of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (Rutaceae)

The present study was carried out to screen and evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Hepatoprotective activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of A. marmelos were examined against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in mice using silymarin as control. Enzyme activities of Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were analyzed. Results indicate that ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of A. marmelos had moderate activity over carbon tetrachloride treatment as compared to control. Results of the present investigation confirm the traditional uses of this plant as a potential hepatoprotective agent

Studies on Hepatoprotective Properties of Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)

The present study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective role of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Hepatoprotective activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of A. indica were examined against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in mice using silymarin as control. Enzyme activities of Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were analyzed. Phytochemical leaf extracts of A. indica exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of A. indica exhibited moderate activity over carbon tetrachloride treated animals. Results confirm the traditional - ethnomedicinal use of A. indica as a potential source of hepatoprotective agent

Influence of Spatial and Temporal Variations on Phytoplankton Community Structure in Pachiparai Reservoir, Kanyakumari District, TN, India

Pachiparai Reservoir in Kanyakumari District TN, India is influenced by seasonally reversing monsoon and the characteristics of the water body influenced by riverine inflow. An effort to elucidate the spatial and temporal variation in the phytoplankton community was carried out. The observations were primarily made by during Jan 2004 – Dec 2004. Average phytoplankton abundance and primary production varied marginally during the period of study. Surface phytoplankton population showed seasonal variations and the abundance peaked during the beginning of North East monsoon (November). The inflow of water during the monsoon into the reservoir was the prime factor that influenced input of the nutrients and appeared to enhance the primary production. This study provides the details of the spatial and temporal variation and explores the implication and causative factors responsible for the dynamics of the phytoplankton populations

Correlation between the Diversity Manifestation and Phytoplankton Productivity in Pechiparai Reservoir, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India

Correlation between the diversity and primary production index of phytoplanktons of Pechiparai Reservoir in Kanyakumari District, TN, India was assessed from January to December 2004. Average phytoplankton primary production varied significantly during the period of study. Maximum diversity and primary productivity were record in the months of Jan to Mar. The inflow of water during the monsoon into the reservoir was the prime factor that influenced input of the nutrients and appeared to enhance the primary production during this period. Shennon – Weiner diversity index varied between 1.242 and 1.897 during the period of study. Likewise, Sympson index varied from 0.822 to 0.898 and evenness from 446 to 956. The value of annual average of phytoplankton biomass was 319 Nos-1. The value of annual average of gross primary production and net primary production were 2719 mg C/m3/d and 1610 mg C/m3/ d respectively

Wound Healing Ethnomedicinal Plants Popular among the Malayali Tribes in Vattal Hills, Dharmapuri, TN, India

Healing of chronic lower extremity wounds is a global problem, especially in developing countries where traditional medicine is often used by the people in remote places. India has a rich tradition of plant based knowledge pertinent to healthcare. A survey of ethnomedicinal plant species used by Malayali’s to heal cut/ wounds in Vattal Hills of Dharmapuri was made. A large number of plants/ extracts/ decoctions/ pastes are used by tribals to heal wounds, cuts and burns. In the present study, an attempt has been made to document ethnobotanical knowledge base and methods employed by Malayali’s for treatment of cut/ wounds. A large number of ethnomedicinal plants used by the Malayali’s have not been validated for wound healing potential. The present investigation resulted in the identification of 82 medicinal plant species distributed across 39 families that are used by Malayali’s to heal cut/ wounds. This study is an attempt to gather the information on the existing ethnobotanical knowledge base and document the traditional claims toward the development of safe of effective herbal drugs for cut/ wounds. Results of the study is organized in table form depicting the botanical name, family, vernacular name and habit with a brief note on plant parts used and method of administration

Genetic studies on false smut disease resistance and yield components in rice (Oryza sativa. L)

The present investigation was performed to explain the genetic variability and association parameters of twenty traits in 30 F1s involving six parents differing in resistance against false smut in rice. Breeding materials were evaluated at hotspot location viz., HREC, Gudalur. The ANOVA revealed significant differences among the studied variables. Higher PCV over other coefficients of variation suggest the role of environment in trait expression. Disease related traits viz., NIP, NIT, NIGPa, PIT, PIGPa and agronomic traits viz., TNFPa, NCGPa, SSP, PH, HGW and SPY showed high magnitude of values for GCV, heritability and GAM indicating the role of additive gene action. Hence, selection of these traits may be effective. Correlation studies indicated that HGW and SPW showed positive significant association with SPY . Path analysis revealed that NIT, NIGPa, NIGP and PIP had negative direct effect and DFF, NPT, TNFPa, SSP, NSRPa and SPW had positive direct effect towards single plant yield