Analytical study on non invasive techniques in diagnosing ocular surface Squamous Neoplasia

INTRODUCTION: The term Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia was coined by Lee and Hirst. It includes a spectrum of conjunctival and corneal epithelial neoplasia manifesting as dysplasia, carcinomain-situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Incidence of OSSN has a wide geographical variation, ranging from 0.13 to 1.9 per 100,000 population. It is more common in males. The average age of presentation is usually in the sixth and seventh decades. The exact pathogenesis of OSSN is unknown but is probably multifactorial. Risk factors include exposure to ultraviolet B radiation, HPV infection (6&11), HIV infection etc. These tumors commonly occur at the limbus and usually unilateral. Morphological Classification: 1. Gelatinous- Circumscribed gelatinous lesions are the most common. The nodular type is rapidly growing with a high incidence of metastasis to adjacent lymph nodes. 2. Leukoplakic- These are usually pre invasive. 3. Papilliform- These are typically are exophytic, strawberry like, with a stippled red appearance corresponding to its fibro vascular core. They are clinically benign. Corneal papilliform OSSN lesions are pre invasive, with a mottled ground glass sheet appearance which is opalescent. They have sharply defined fimbriated borders, the convex leading edge spreads in an arc away from the limbus and often white dots are present over the grey epithelium.These lesions are typically indolent, slow growing and prone to recurrence. Diagnosis : OSSN can be diagnosed by various techniques such as Impression Cytology, Anterior Segment OCT, Confocal Microscopy and Histopathology. Impression cytology: Impression cytology refers to the histological, immunohistological, or molecular analysis of superficial layers of ocular surface epithelium. Histopathology : Histopathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis and grading of OSSN. Excision biopsy is both diagnostic and curative. Incision biopsy is undertaken only when the tumor is extensive and orbital exenteration has been planned. Aim: To analyse the non invasive techniques in the diagnosis of OSSN. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the accuracy of impression cytology in the diagnosis of OSSN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study Centre: RIOGOH , Chennai. Study design : Prospective study. Inclusion criteria : Patients of age more than 30-70 years with growth over the ocular surface. Exclusion criteria : Patients with pterygium, patients with severe debilitation. Sample size: 50. Methodology: A detailed history and examination of growth by slit lamp was done. Impression cytology was done in all patients prior to excision biopsy. Impression Cytology Technique: A drop of 4% xylocaine was instilled into the eye of the patient. Cellulose acetate filter paper was held with a sterile forceps and pressed firmly against the lesion for about 5 to 10 seconds, then transferred into a container of 95% alcohol for about half an hour for fixation. It was then mounted onto a slide, stained with haematoxylin and eosin and observed under light microscope. The slides were examined and observed for the presence of dysplastic cells, hyperkeratosis, inflammatory cells or any other associated findings. Histopathology: The specimens were obtained from excision biopsies and graded. Grades of OSSN on histopathology: Mild dysplasia: Dysplastic cells restricted to the lower one-third of the epithelial layer. Moderate dysplasia: Dysplastic cells occupying two thirds of the thickness of epithelium. Severe dysplasia / Carcinoma-in-situ: Complete involvement of the epithelium including surface layer without breach of the basement membrane. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma: Breach of the basement membrane with involvement of substantia propria by tumor cells . CONCLUSION: 50 excision biopsies were performed for suspected OSSN. There was correlation with impression cytology in 47 cases [94%]. In 3 cases there were no correlation [6%]. Out of which 2 cases showed dysplastic changes in impression cytologyand HPE showed no dysplasia.The remaining one was normal in impression cytology but HPE showed severe dysplastic changes.Based on this study after calculating epidemiological indices impression cytology can be used a screening tool in diagnosing ossn. But Histopathology always remains the gold standard in diagnosing OSSN

Cord blood levels of uric acid, lipid profile and HOMA-IR in pregnancy induced hypertension

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a major global health burden that results in the greatest number of deaths worldwide. Epigenetic changes induced by pregnancy related complication in umbilical cord blood may appear as a result of dysfunctional placenta and impaired maternal cardiovascular function and may cause later onset of cardiovascular diseases in offspring.Methods: A prospective case control study was conducted at ESIC medical college, Bangalore in 100 PIH women with gestational age 37 to 40 weeks. The study aimed to find the correlation of cord blood uric acid, lipid profile and HOMA -IR in gestational hypertension mothers.Results: We found a strong positive correlation between uric acid and total cholesterol in cases and a moderate positive correlation among uric acid and LDL in cases whereas a strong negative correlation among uric acid and HDL. In addition, mean HOMA-IR value was statistically significant in cases.Conclusions: HOMA -IR values are found to be more in newborns of PIH mothers and cord blood uric acid is a good predictor of lipid metabolism and the glucose homeostasis in neonates

A Quaternionic Wavelet Transform-based Approach for Object Recognition

Recognizing the objects in complex natural scenes is the challenging task as the object may be occluded, may vary in shape, position and in size. In this paper a method to recognize objects from different categories of images using quaternionic wavelet transform (QWT) is presented. This transform separates the information contained in the image better than a traditional Discrete wavelet transform and provides a multiscale image analysis whose coefficients are 2D analytic, with one near-shift invariant magnitude and three phases. The two phases encode local image shifts and the third one contains texture information. In the domain of object recognition, it is often to classify objects from images that make only limited part of the image. Hence to identify local features and certain region of images, patches are extracted over the interest points detected from the original image using Wavelet based interest point detector. Here QWT magnitude and phase features are computed for every patch. Then these features are trained, tested and classified using SVM classifier in order to have supervised learning model. In order to compare the performance of local feature with global feature, the transform is applied to the entire image and the global features are derived. The performance of QWT is compared with discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and dual tree discrete wavelet transform (DTDWT). Observations revealed that QWT outperforms the DWT and shift invariant DTDWT with lesser equal error rate. The experimental evaluation is done using the complex Graz databases.Defence Science Journal, Vol. 64, No. 4, July 2014, pp. 350-357, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.64.450

Bioefficacy of ethiprole + pymetrozine against the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Howard), in rice (ADT – 46)

The nymphs and adults of white-backed planthoppers (Sogatella furcifera, Howard) remove plant sap resulting in yield loss. Indiscriminate use of insecticides, results in the development of resistance by insects and ill effects on the environment opening the new era of chemicals with novel modes of action with good bioefficacy, higher selectivity, low mammalian toxicity and safety to the environment. Therefore, the introduction of newer insecticide molecules with alternate modes of action will play a serious role in pest management programs. Hence, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of ethiprole + pymetrozine against white-backed planthopper of rice (ADT – 46) under laboratory and field conditions at Annamalai University, Chidambaram during 2018-20. Ethiprole + pymetrozine @ (T1 - 36.91 + 138), (T2 - 40.13 + 150) and (T3 - 45.47 + 170) g a.i ha-1 with standard checks T4 - pymetrozine @ (150) g a.i ha-1, T5 - buprofezin @ (200) g a.i ha-1 and T6 - ethiprole + imidacloprid @ (50 + 50) g a.i ha-1 were evaluated against white-backed planthopper. The standard checks were of positive control i.e., reference insecticides which is in common use The results revealed that T3 recorded the lowest population of white-backed planthopper/hill at 15 day after spraying (1.13 hoppers/hill in August – December 2018 and 1.79 hoppers/hill in August – December 2019 respectively) giving better yield. The population of natural enemies was comparatively lower in all insecticidal treatments than in the control

Intracutaneous sterile water injection over sacrum for the relief of low back pain in labour

The study was performed on 200 antenatal mothers in active labour well matched in age, parity, gestational age, dilatation of cervix and membrane status. • The majority of patients belong to the age group of 21-25. In study group it was 58%, in control group it was 52%. The mean age of study group was 23.8 years. The mean age of control group was 24.3 years. • 70% of study cases were booked and 66% of control cases were booked. • Majority of the patients were from rural areas. 68% in study group and 64% in control group. • Primigravida and multigravida were equally distributed in the study (50%). • Median pain score in the sterile water group was significantly lower than the placebo group at 10 mts, 45 mts, and 90 mts after injection (P < 0.001). • The duration of first stage of labour was significantly shorter in the study group denoting the favorable effect of sterile water injection on first stage of labour (P = 0.003). • There was no statistical difference in the duration of second stage of labour between study and control groups. The duration of second stage was not prolonged in the study group without affecting the ability of the patients desire to push (P = 0.0528). • The duration of third stage of labour was unaltered in both groups (P = 0.569). • The neonatal outcome shown by APGAR scores were almost the same for both study and control groups. • In study group 91% of patients were delivered by labour naturale and in control group 88% of patients were delivered by labour naturale. • The assisted delivery rate was 7% in the study group and it was 9% in the control group • The major indication for assisted delivery in the study group and control group was prophylaxis since it included high risk cases. There was no undue prolongation of second stage in the study group. • The cesearean section rate was 2% in the study group and 3% in the control group. • Multigravida were better being able to feel the difference and reported labour to be more satisfying than primigravida, since they had previous labour experience. • 93% of patients in study group reported pain relief, of them 30% of patients had excellent pain relief and 34% of patients moderate pain relief. • There was no significant maternal or fetal side effects. • The only adverse effect is a sharp, brief bee sting like pain sensation lasting for a maximum of 30 seconds. • Placebo treated group had mild analgesic effect, but it was not statistically significant as the sterile water group. • In the post partum follow up, 85% of patients reported that they will accept this technique in their future labour for pain relief. Summary of proven benefits of sterile water injections Sterile water injections: 1. Provide rapid and effective low back pain relief during labour. 2. Have no apparent side effects 3. Offers simplicity of use and a high level of success. 4. Are non-pharmacological 5. Decrease the need for epidural anaesthesia 6. Delay the use of epidural anaesthesia 7. Have no effect on a mothers state of consciousness 8. Can be repeated 9. Don’t limit a mothers ability to move about 10. May be used while waiting for a anaesthetist 11. Do not interfere in labour progress or ability to push 12. Have application for use in rural/remote areas and developing Countries 13. Have a role to play with their analgesic effect on pelvic floor Tone, cervical tension and fetal rotation. 14. Can be administered by a nurse or midwife. CONCLUSION: Sterile water injections induce a statistically significant, dramatic analgesic effect on the low back pain experienced by women during labour lasting from a minimum of 10 minutes to 90 minutes and a maximum of 2 hours post administration. • It has a favorable impact on the progress of labour. It augments cervical dilatation and shortens the first stage of labour. Duration of second stage of labour is not affected. There is absolutely no untoward effect on mother and fetus. • To Conclude, Sterile water injections represent an important safe, cost effective, drug free option that should be made available to all woman experiencing unrelenting back pain during child birth

A study to evaluvate the role of dacryocystogram in patients with chronic dacryocystitis

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the site of obstruction of lacrimal passage. 2. To aid in the diagnosis and management of lacrimal passage pathology. 3. To reveal the anatomy of passage and the changes due to disease. 4. To aid in the diagnosis of diverticula, fistulae and filling defects caused by stones or tumours. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective Observational Study.This study is to be conducted among 40 patients with Chronic Dacryocystitis attending our department as outpatient as well as inpatient the wards of our Govt. Rajaji Hospital, Madurai. A total of 40 patients attending as outpatient and in the wards of the Department of Ophthalmology, Govt. Rajaji Hospital, Madurai who satisfy the inclusion criteria. STUDY PERIOD: 6 Months (April 2014 to September 2014). INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Patients diagnosed with chronic dacryocystitis. 2. Recurrence of disease after surgery (Dacryocystectomy) 3. Age > 12 years & < 70 years. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Pregnant Patients. 2. Patients not consenting for the study. 3. Hypertensive with BP > than 140 / 90 mm of Hg. 4. Age 70 5. Immunocompromised patients. 6. History of anaphylaxis. 7. Allergy to contrast drugs. Preliminary ocular examination done to detect swelling in lacrimal sac area/ fistula, With Slit-lamp careful examination of patient’s eyelids and then the lacrimal puncta are noticed. Then syringing performed with a 5-mL syringe and an irrigating cannula / 26-gauge blunt needle to flush saline via lower punctum which reveals complete/partial block involving the nasolacrimal duct / the lacrimal sac / atonic sac/fistula/residual sac. After verbal consent from the patient, using standardized techniques dacryocystogram performed under topical anesthesia. Initial dacryocystogram was more reliable in demonstrating the anatomy of lacrimal passage and identifying the level, type of block, morphology of lacrimal sac ,associated findings and also etiological factor for epiphora can be diagnosed based on it. Hence enabling us to meticulously plan the treatment for chronic dacryocystitis, there by better outcome following surgery can be achieved without recurrence

Memory Enhancing Activity of Desmodium Gangeticum Root Extract on Scopolamine Induced Swiss Albino Mice

INTRODUCTION:Memory is one of the most essential roles of the brain. Memory is vital for survival because it is the process by which organisms are able to record their experiences and use this information to adapt their responses to the environment. Loss of memory and cognitive impaired functions are the major features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Presence of acetylcholine within the neo cortex is sufficient to ameliorate learning deficits and restore memory. Decreased cholinergic firing in brain, rise in oxidative stress, hypercholesterolemia, and neuroinflammatory reactions have been demonstrated to play an etiological role in memory decline. The central cholinergic system is involved in cognitive functions and plays an important role in learning and memory for humans and animals1. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is progressive irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that was first identified and written by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in early 1900s. It occurs gradually and results in cognitive impairment, unusual behaviour, personality changes, an ultimately death. It is the most common form of adult onset dementia. Presently, it is the 4th leading cause of death in western countries, preceded only by heart disease, cancer and stroke.AIM:Desmodium gangeticum has been reported to possess antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activities are known to be associated with Nootropic activity. In this plant, the aerial part of Desmodium gangeticum has been shown to possess anti-amnesic activity. No work has so far been carried out on the roots of Desmodium gangeticum. OBJECTIVE:To extract the root of Desmodium gangeticum by hot continuous extraction using Soxhlet apparatus using various solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. To evaluate the neurotransmitter (acetylcholinesterase and serotonin) estimation of ethyl acetate and ethanol root extracts of Desmodium gangeticum by ex vivo method. To evaluate the memory activity of ethyl acetate and ethanol root extracts of Desmodium gangeticum by in vivo (Morris water maze and Y maze) method. DISCUSSION:Alzheimer’s disease is a genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, which is slow in onset but relentless in progress. It is characterized by aphasia, apraxia, and agnosia with the loss of memory as the mine symptoms. Despite the severity and high prevalence of this disease, allopathic system of medicines is yet to provide a satisfactory antidote. Therefore we were motivated to explore the potential of medicinal plants to manage this deadly disease (AD) 4. Desmodium gangeticum roots were extracted with various solvents like n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol based on its polarity by continuous hot percolation method. The ethyl acetate and ethanol solvents given more percentage of yields compare to n- hexane. So ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts only chosen for in vivo and ex vivo methods. In the present study, D. gangeticum extract administered orally for 18 days improved the memory of mice as reflected by diminished escape latency and percentage alteration values as compared to control animals. Additionally, D. gangeticum reduced central cholinesterase activity, and enhances serotonin activity. Furthermore, pretreatment with D. gangeticum for 15 days protected the animals from memory deficits produced by scopolamine. These findings suggested the possible neuroprotective role for D. gangeticum. There is an increase in escape latency in negative control group when compared with the control group (P<0.001) of the two groups of amnesia induced animals, both showed decreased time to escape on to the escape platform.CONCLUSION:The central cholinergic system & serotonergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. In the present study, Desmodium gangeticum roots extracts (200mg/kg of ethyl acetate and 200mg/kg of ethanol) administered orally improved learning and memory of mice assessed by the behavioral models like Morris water maze, Y-maze. In Scopolamine induced amnesia there is loss of memory. The D.gangeticum ethanol extract & D. gangeticum ethyl acetate extract contains majorly flavonoids, alkaloids, pterocarpenoids and antioxidant property which may responsible for the anti-amnesic effect. The neurotransmitter (acetylcholinesterase and serotonin) estimation of ethyl acetate and ethanol root extracts of Desmodium gangeticum by ex vivo method was evaluated. The memory activity of ethyl acetate and ethanol root extracts of Desmodium gangeticum by in vivo (Morris water maze and Y maze) method was evaluated Further studies can be carried out in the future to elucidate the other neurotransmitter are to evaluate and then mechanism of action, clinical studies may for carried out to establish its efficacy in humans

Comparative Analysis of Contextual Relation Extraction based on Deep Learning Models

Contextual Relation Extraction (CRE) is mainly used for constructing a knowledge graph with a help of ontology. It performs various tasks such as semantic search, query answering, and textual entailment. Relation extraction identifies the entities from raw texts and the relations among them. An efficient and accurate CRE system is essential for creating domain knowledge in the biomedical industry. Existing Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are not suitable to predict complex relations from sentences that consist of more than two relations and unspecified entities efficiently. In this work, deep learning techniques have been used to identify the appropriate semantic relation based on the context from multiple sentences. Even though various machine learning models have been used for relation extraction, they provide better results only for binary relations, i.e., relations occurred exactly between the two entities in a sentence. Machine learning models are not suited for complex sentences that consist of the words that have various meanings. To address these issues, hybrid deep learning models have been used to extract the relations from complex sentence effectively. This paper explores the analysis of various deep learning models that are used for relation extraction.Comment: This Paper Presented in the International Conference on FOSS Approaches towards Computational Intelligence and Language TTechnolog on February 2023, Thiruvananthapura

Security Enhancement using Color Based Alphanumeric on Cloud

Cloud computing is where computing resources are accessed from a virtual machine ?cloud? rather than a local desktop or organizational data center. While enjoying the convenience brought by this cloud, users also start worrying about losing control of their own data. The only solution is authentication. The password is the most common authentication method. Text based, patterns, pictographic and graphical passwords are suffering from some security attacks. This paper uses color code authentication in which the OTP is generated after the two steps of authentication. This color scheme tests with different kinds of security attacks. It is used for secure authentication for data protection in the cloud

Effectiveness of virtual newborn care upon knowledge and practice among primipara mothers

An Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Virtual Newborn Care upon Knowledge and Practice among Primipara Mothers at Selected Hospitals, Chennai. OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the level of knowledge and practice on newborn care among primipara mothers. 2. To determine the effectiveness of virtual newborn care upon knowledge and practice among primipara mothers. 3. To determine the association between selected demographic variables and level of knowledge and practice before and after virtual newborn care among primipara mothers. 4. To determine the association between selected obstetric variables and level of knowledge and practice before and after virtual newborn care among primipara mothers. 5. To assess the level of satisfaction on virtual newborn care among the experimental group of primipara mothers. The conceptual framework set up for the study was based on modified model of Jean Ball Deck Chair Theory (1987) to assess knowledge and practice among primipara mothers upon virtual newborn care. An experimental study of pre-test and post-test design was used. The present study was conducted at Andhra Mahila Sabha Hospital, Chennai. The study included 60 primipara mothers who were selected by simple random sampling. The variables of the study were virtual newborn care, knowledge and practice. Null hypothesis were formulated. An extensive review of literature and guidance by experts laid to the foundation of development of demographic variable proforma, obstetric variable proforma, structured interview schedule, observational checklist for Newborn care practice and satisfaction rating scale on Virtual newborn care. The validity was obtained from various experts and reliability was established. The main study was conducted after the pilot study. The level of knowledge and practice of virtual newborn care were assessed for the control and experimental group of primipara mothers. The Virtual newborn care of ten minutes duration was provided for the experimental group. Then the level of knowledge and practice of virtual newborn care were assessed again after 7 days for both the groups. The level of satisfaction on Virtual newborn care among the experimental group of primipara mothers was assessed after one week from intervention. The data obtained was analyzed using Descriptive and Inferential statistics. MAJOR FINDINGS: 1. Majority of primipara mothers were aged 21 -25years (67%, 67%), Hindus (70%, 77%), having secondary education (67%, 56.6%), belonging to joint family (77%, 70%) and their source of information regarding newborn care was from family members (53%, 63.3%). Most of the mothers had a family income < 15000 rupees (70%, 66.6%) in control and experimental group respectively. 2. Majority of primipara mothers had undergone regular antenatal check-up (100%, 100%), delivered through normal vaginal delivery (87%, 73.3%) male and female newborns in control group with (63%, 37%) whereas in experimental group it was (37%, 43%). All the mothers breast fed their newborns (100%, 100%) and they had good sucking behaviour (100%, 100%) in control and experimental group of mothers. Breast feeding was initiated immediately after birth in (10%) of newborns and after half an hour in (90%).Most of the mothers did not develop any post natal complications (100%, 100%). 3. Majority of the primipara mothers had inadequate knowledge (100%, 90%) before intervention in the control and experimental group and all of them had adequate knowledge (100%) after intervention in the experimental group. Hence null hypothesis Ho1 was rejected. 4. The mean knowledge level was slightly high in the post test (M=5.06, SD=1.59) when compared to pretest (M=4, SD=1.22) in the control group where as the mean level of knowledge was significantly high in post test (M=19.00, SD=0.826) when compared to pretest (M=4.8, SD=1.67) in the experimental group. 5. Majority of the primipara mothers in pretest had poor practice with regard to newborn care practice (100%, 100%) in the control and experimental group. After the intervention, the newborn care practice was good (100%) in experimental group. Hence null hypothesis Ho1 was rejected. 6. The mean score of practice in the experimental group was high after intervention (M=23.1, SD=0.932) in comparison with before intervention (M=2.7, SD=1.208). Whereas in the control group there was only a minimal increase in the score of newborn care practice (M=4.0, SD=1.28) after intervention in comparison with before intervention (M=2.43, SD=0). 7. There was a significant association between age in years, religion, occupation and source of information with level of knowledge of virtual newborn care among the control group of primipara mothers. Hence null hypothesis H02 was rejected. 8. There was a significant association between age in years, religion, occupation and source of information with level of knowledge of virtual newborn care in experimental group of primipara mothers. Hence the null hypothesis H02 was rejected. 9. There was a significant association between age in years, religion, occupation and source of information and practice in control group of primi para mothers. Hence null hypothesis Ho2 was rejected. 10. There was no significant association between age in years, religion, occupation and source of information and practice in experimental group of primipara mothers. Hence null hypothesis Ho2was retained. 11. There was no significant association between birth weight, mode of delivery, any complication during labour, initiation of breast feeding and sex of the baby with level of knowledge of virtual newborn care in control group of primipara mothers. Hence null hypothesis H03 was retained. 12. There was a significant association between birth weight, mode of delivery, any complication during labour, initiation of breast feeding and sex of the baby with level of knowledge of virtual newborn care in experimental group of primipara mothers. Hence null hypothesis H03 was rejected. 13. There is no significant association between birth weight, mode of delivery, any complication during labour, initiation of breast feeding and sex of the baby and practice in control group of primipara mothers. Hence null hypothesis Ho3 was retained. 14. There was a significant association between birth weight, mode of delivery, any complication during labour, initiation of breast feeding and sex of the baby and practice in experimental group of primipara mothers. Hence null hypothesis Ho3 was rejected. 15. All the participants in the experimental group were satisfied (100%) with virtual newborn care intervention. RECOMMENDATIONS: 1. The same study can be conducted with large number of samples. 2. A comparison can be made between primi and multi gravida. 3. A comparison can be made with different states. 4. The same study can be conducted in different settings. 5. A comparison can be made between different types of educational programmes