Synthesis and antifungal activity screening of some novel 7–substituted –2–hydroxy–quinoline schiff bases

With an objective of synthesizing some novel, potent and broad spectrum antifungal activity having compounds, here some novel quinoline derivatives are reported. Initially 7-substituted-2-cholro-3-formylquinolines were prepared using well known Vilsemeir-Hack reagent method. These on microwave irradiation with 4M HCl yielded 7-substituted-2-hydroxy quinoline-3-carbaldehydes I(a, b), which on further treatment with different substituted hydrazides yielded the novel Schiff bases of quinoline II(a-f). The structure of all newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by spectral study such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. All the synthesized compounds were screened for in-vitro antifungal activity by two fold serial dilution method using fluconazole as the standard drug. Compounds II a, II b and II d showed significant antioxidant activit

Ownership Pattern of Public Debt in India: A Study

To bridge the inevitable gap between the expenditure and revenue of governments, public debt has been resorted to increasingly by the government all over the world. In India, too, public debt has been reckoned as a device though which governments attempt to garner enough resources for both developmental and non-developmental activities. The present paper looks into the change and pattern in the ownership of public debt in India in recent years. In recent times, there has been a slight decline in the State government securities issued in India. Provident Funds have become dominant and permanent owners of state government securities in Indi, especially in recent times. Commercial banks in India are the main owners of GOI dated securities. Half of the T-Bills have been held by the Commercial Banks in the country. Mutual Funds also have been buying the Treasury Bills on a large scale. Provident Funds (PFs) do not seem to be interested in engaging in Treasury Bills operations in the country

Efficiency of Edge Detection Properties of Images Contaminated with Gaussian Noise of Different Noise Levels

In digital image processing, edge detection plays a crucial role. As edges within a digital image contribute to acquire critical insight of the object which are implicit in the image. As a view of fact, edges constitute boundaries between objects exists in the image. The extraction of these attributes can be utilized to greater extent in real time purpose. However it is arduous to extract out all the edges systematically without any consequences that may cause damage to the constitution of an image. This paper narrates the domination of various intensity of noise in the edge detection of images and comprehensive statistical metric to get insight of the capability of the proposed strategy. This strategy is utilized a modified canny method using s-membership function. In this technique, two images were considered and Gaussian noise is introduced to these images at various levels of intensity. In the next stage a Gaussian filter is exploited to denoise the image and edges are examined with the help of modified canny method using S-membership function. Various statistical parameters are evaluated to identify the performance of proposed strategy

Investigating Open Issues in Swarm Intelligence for Mitigating Security Threats in MANET

The area of Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) has being a demanded topic of research for more than a decade because of its attractive communication features associated with various issues. This paper primarily discusses on the security issues, which has been still unsolved after abundant research work. The paper basically stresses on the potential features of Swarm Intelligence (SI) and its associated techniques to mitigate the security issues. Majority of the previous researches based on SI has used Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) or Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) extensively. Elaborated discussion on SI with respect to trust management, authentication, and attack models are made with support of some of the recent studies done in same area. The paper finally concludes by discussing the open issues and problem identification of the review

EFFICACY OF BINARY COMBINATION OF DELTAMETHRIN+MGK-264 ON LEVELS OF BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE SNAIL LYMNAEA ACUMINATA

Objective: The objective of the present study is the evaluation of the effect of the sublethal (40% and 60% of 48h LC50) binary combination (1:5 ratios) of molluscicides deltamethrin+MGK-264 on the endogenous levels of protein, amino acid and nucleic acid in different tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata. Methods: The snails were treated with 1:5 mixtures of sub-lethal concentration of (40% and 60% of 48h LC50) deltamethrin+MGK-264 on the protein, amino acid and nucleic acid levels in gonadal, nervous and foot tissue of L. acuminata. In order to study the effect of withdrawal from treatment, the snails were first exposed to the above concentrations for 96h, after which they were transferred to freshwater. Water was changed every 24h for the next seven days, after which different biochemical parameters were estimated. Results: There was a significant change in the levels of protein (sublethal concentration of 60% of 48h LC50 after 96h) gonadal, nervous and foot tissues are 48.1, 12.1 and 14.5%, respectively, amino acid are 273, 234 and 252%, respectively, DNA are 25.1, 38.9 and 42.1%, respectively and RNA are 12.2, 30.7 and 30.5%, respectively. These changes were time and concentration-dependent. In the withdrawal experiment, the snails were treated for 96h to transfer in freshwater for 7 d, which caused significant recovery in all the biochemical parameters. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the high molluscicidal activity of deltamethrin+MGK-264 simultaneous decrease in the levels of proteins, DNA, RNA and increase in the level of amino acids

Knowledge and Awareness of Thirdhand Smoke among Smokers and Non-smokers - A Comparative cross-sectional study

Third-hand smoke (THS) is the residual tobacco smoke contaminant that remains after a cigarette is extinguished. It can react with the indoor air pollutant nitrous acid to produce a carcinogen. THS exposure may occur long after second-hand smoke appears (SHS). A cross sectional questionnaire study was conducted in which a close-ended self- administered 20 item questionnaire was prepared. The data was collected from the smokers and non-smokers. Demographic characteristics, tobacco use status, attitudes toward awareness of third hand smoke and its adverse effects, was filled by the surveyed subjects. A total of 100 members with the mean age of 15-45 years participated in the study. The awareness of Third hand smoke is more among the non-smokers than compared with the smokers. The precautionary principle, which is a “strategy to cope with possible risks where scientific understanding is yet incomplete,” is widely used in Europe and in radiation protection in the United States. Extended producer responsibility promotes total-lifecycle environmental improvements, placing economic, physical, and informational responsibilities onto the tobacco industry. Efforts to further reduce THS exposure may ultimately reduce tobacco- related diseases and preserve the health of non-smoking adults and children