202 research outputs found
In situ analysis of catalyst composition during gold catalyzed GaAs nanowire growth
Semiconductor nanowires offer the opportunity to incorporate novel structures
and functionality into electronic and optoelectronic devices. A clear
understanding of the nanowire growth mechanism is essential for well-controlled
growth of structures with desired properties, but the understanding is
currently limited by a lack of empirical measurements of important parameters
during growth, such as catalyst particle composition. However, this is
difficult to accurately determine by investigating post-growth. We report
direct measurement of the catalyst composition of individual gold seeded GaAs
nanowires inside an electron microscope as they grow. The Ga content in the
catalyst during growth increased with both temperature and Ga precursor flux. A
direct comparison of the calculated phase diagrams of the Au-Ga-As ternary
system to the measured catalyst composition not only lets us estimate the As
content in the catalyst but also indicates the relevance of phase diagrams to
understanding nanowire growth
GaAsP Nanowires Grown by Aerotaxy
We have grown GaAsP nanowires with high optical and structural quality by Aerotaxy, a new continuous gas phase mass production process to grow III-V semiconductor based nanowires. By varying the PH3/AsH3 ratio and growth temperature, size selected GaAs1-xPx nanowires (80 nm diameter) with pure zinc-blende structure and with direct band gap energies ranging from 1.42 to 1.90 eV (at 300 K), (i.e., 0 ⤠x ⤠0.43) were grown, which is the energy range needed for creating tandem III-V solar cells on silicon. The phosphorus content in the NWs is shown to be controlled by both growth temperature and input gas phase ratio. The distribution of P in the wires is uniform over the length of the wires and among the wires. This proves the feasibility of growing GaAsP nanowires by Aerotaxy and results indicate that it is a generic process that can be applied to the growth of other III-V semiconductor based ternary nanowires
In situ XAS study of the local structure and oxidation state evolution of palladium in a reduced graphene oxide supported Pd(II) carbene complex during an undirected CâH acetoxylation reaction
In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) investigations have been performed to provide insights into the reaction mechanism of a palladium(II) catalyzed undirected CâH acetoxylation reaction in the presence of an oxidant. A Pd(II) N-heterocyclic carbene complex Ď-stacked onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used as the catalyst. The Pd speciation during the catalytic process was examined by XAS, which revealed a possible mechanism over the course of the reaction. Pd(II) complexes in the as-synthesized catalyst first go through a gradual ligand substitution where chloride ions bound to Pd(II) are replaced by other ligands with a mean bond distance to Pd matching PdâC/N/O. Parallel to this the mean oxidation state of Pd increases indicating the formation of Pd(IV) species. At a later stage, a fraction of the Pd complexes start to slowly transform into Pd nanoclusters. The mean average oxidation state of Pd decreases to the initial state at the end of the experiment which means that comparable amounts of Pd(0) and Pd(IV) are present. These observations from heterogeneous catalysis are in good agreement with its homogeneous analog and they support a Pd(II)âPd(IV)âPd(II) reaction mechanism
Structure and phase stability of nanocrystalline Ce1âxLnxO2âx/2âδ (Ln = Yb, Lu) in oxidizing and reducing atmosphere
The structure and phase evolution of nanocrystalline Ce1âxLnxO2âx/2âδ (Ln = Yb, Lu, x = 0 â 1) oxides upon heating in H2 was studied for the first time. Up to 950 °C the samples were single-phase, with structure changing smoothly with x from fluorite type (F) to bixbyite type (C). For the Lu-doped samples heated at 1100 °C in the air and H2, phase separation into coexisting F- and C-type structures was observed for ~0.40 < x < ~0.70 and ~0.25 < x < ~0.70, respectively. It was found also that addition of Lu3+ and Yb3+ strongly hinders the crystallite growth of ceria during heat treatment at 800 and 950 °C in both atmospheres. Valency of Ce and Yb in Ce0.1Lu0.9O1.55âδ and Ce0.95Yb0.05O1.975âδ samples heated at 1100 °C was studied by XANES and magnetic measurements. In the former Ce was dominated by Ce4+, with small contribution of Ce3+ after heating in H2. In the latter, Yb existed exclusively as 3+ in both O2 and H2
Effect of surrounding environment on atomic structure and equilibrium shape of growing nanocrystals: gold in/on SiO2
We report on the equilibrium shape and atomic structure of thermally-processed Au nanocrystals (NCs) as determined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The NCs were either deposited on SiO2surface or embedded in SiO2layer. Quantitative data on the NCs surface free energy were obtained via the inverse Wulff construction. Nanocrystals inside the SiO2layer are defect-free and maintain a symmetrical equilibrium shape during the growth. Nanocrystals on SiO2surface exhibit asymmetrical equilibrium shape that is characterized by the introduction of twins and more complex atomic defects above a critical size. The observed differences in the equilibrium shape and atomic structure evolution of growing NCs in and on SiO2is explained in terms of evolution in isotropic/anisotropic environment making the surface free energy function angular and/or radial symmetric/asymmetric affecting the rotational/translational invariance of the surface stress tensor
Zentrifugale (antidrome) Nervenfasern im menschlichen Sehnerven
Sehnerven von zwei Patienten wurden histologisch untersucht, deren zugehĂśrige Retinae einmal 11 und einmal 16 Jahre zuvor operativ entfernt wurden. In beiden Sehnerven wurden gleicherweise noch zahlreiche, feine Nervenfasern erhalten gefunden. Diese Tatsache wird als Beweis fĂźr die Existenz zentrifugaler Nervenfasern im Sehnerven des Menschen angesehen.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47364/1/417_2004_Article_BF00684757.pd
The Prohibition of the Proposed Springer-Prosiebensat.1-Merger: How Much Economics in German Merger Control?
Valence band splitting in wurtzite InP nanowires observed by photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy
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