Endodermal growth factors promote endocardial precursor cell formation from precardiac mesoderm

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that the initial emergence of endocardial precursor cells (endocardial angioblasts) occurred within the precardiac mesoderm and that the endodermal secretory products promoted delamination of cells from the precardiac mesoderm and expression of endothelial lineage markers [Dev. Biol. 175 (1996), 66]. In this study, we sought to extend our original study to the identification of candidate molecules derived from the endoderm that might have induced endocardial precursor cell formation. We have detected expression of transforming growth factors β (TGFβ) 2, 3, and 4 in anterior endoderm at Hamburger and Hamilton (H-H) stage 5 by RT-PCR. To address the role of growth factors known to be present in the endoderm, precardiac mesodermal explants were isolated from H-H stage 5 quail embryos and cultured on the surface of collagen gels with serum-free defined medium 199. Similar to the effect of explants cocultured with anterior endoderm, when cultured with TGFβs 1–3 (3 ng/ml each), explants formed QH-1 (anti-quail endothelial marker)-positive mesenchymal cells, which invaded the gel and expressed the extracellular marker, cytotactin (tenascin). Another member of the TGFβ superfamily, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2; 100 ng/ml), did not induce QH-1-positive mesenchymal cell formation but promoted formation of an epithelial monolayer on the surface of the collagen gel; this monolayer did not express QH-1. Explants treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165, 100 ng/ml) also did not invade the gel but formed an epithelial-like outgrowth on the surface of the gel. However, this monolayer did express the QH-1 marker. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2; 250 ng/ml)-treated explants expressed QH-1 and exhibited separation of the cells on the surface of the gel. Finally, a combination of TGFβs and VEGF enhanced formation of QH-1-positive cord-like structures within the gel from mesenchyme that had previously invaded the gel. Luminization of the cords, however, was not clearly evident. These findings suggest that TGFβs, among the growth factors tested, mediate the initial step of endocardial formation, i.e., delamination of endothelial precursor cells from precardiac mesoderm, whereas VEGF may primarily effect early vasculogenesis (cord-like structure formation)

Formation and Early Morphogenesis of Endocardial Endothelial Precursor Cells and the Role of Endoderm

AbstractThe formation of endocardial endothelium in quail embryos was investigated usingin vivoandin vitrosystems. Based on the expression of an quail endothelial marker, QH-1, the initial emergence of endothelial precursor cells in the embryo occurs at stage 7+(two somites) in the posterior parts of the bilateral heart forming regions. Cells that expressed the QH-1 antigen were mesenchymal and positioned between the mesodermal epithelium of the heart region and the endoderm. By confocal microscopy, an asymmetrical distribution of QH-1 positive cells was observed between the two heart regions: specifically between 7+and 8−, more precursor cells were seen in the right region than the left. Endothelial precursor cells did not appear outside of the heart forming regions until stage 8−(three somites). Free, mesenchymal-like endothelial precursor cells intrinsic to the heart regions also expressed two extracellular antigens, JB3, a fibrillin-like protein, and cytotactin, both associated with segments of the primary heart tube where endothelial cells “re-transform” back to a mesenchymal phenotype during cardiac cushion tissue formation. Between stages 8 and 9 (four to seven somites), (1) QH-1 positive cells within the heart forming region established vascular-like connections with QH-1 positive cells located outside of the heart region, as initially shown by Coffin and Poole (1988), (2) after fusion of the heart regions, a plexus of QH-1 positive cells was formed ventral to the foregut, and (3) the definitive endocardial lining of the primary heart tube formed directly from the ventral plexus of endothelial precursor cells. Because the QH-1 positive, endothelial precursor cells of each heart forming region were always in close association with anterior endoderm, we sought to determine if the endoderm mediated the formation of precursor cells committed to a cardiac endothelial lineage as reflected by their expression of QH-1, JB3 antigen, and cytotactin. To test this hypothesis, precardiac mesodermal explants were isolated from stage 5 heart forming regions prior to their expressing of either endocardial or myocardial markers and cultured on the surface of collagen gels in the presence or absence of endoderm. In the absence of endoderm, precardiac mesoderm of each stage 5 explant remained epithelial, formed contractile tissue, but did not exhibit any QH-1 positive cells or mesenchymal cells. Conversely, when cocultured with endoderm or endoderm conditioned medium, in addition to the formation of contractile tissue, the explant formed mesenchymal cells. The latter invaded the gel lattice and, asin vivo,expressed QH-1 antigen, JB3 antigen, and cytotactin. These findings suggest that endoderm induces mesoderm of the heart fields to undergo an epithelial to mesenchyme transformation that results in the segregation of myocardial and endocardial precursor cells

Kemampuan Kepemilikan Institusional Memoderasi Pengaruh Earning Power, Leverage, dan Ukuran Perusahaan terhadap Manajemen Laba

This study aims to determine whether earnings power, leverage, and firm size affect earnings management and whether institutional ownership moderate the effect of earning power, leverage, and size of the company on earnings management. The theory underlying this research is agency theory and positive accounting theory. Based on both theories, the conflict of interest that occurs between the owner and the manager where each will tend to emphasize personal interests or certain parties. The sample in this study consists of 93 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2016. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method. The data analysis technique used to test the hypothesis is Moderated Regression Analysis. The results of this study indicate earnings power, leverage, and firm size have a positive effect on earnings management. Institutional ownership weakens the effect of earning power on earnings management.   Keywords   : Earning management, earning power, leverage, company siz

Peningkatan Kualitas Pelayanan dengan Menggunakan Metode Quality Function Deployment (Qfd) di Rumah Sakit Xyz

Kesehatan merupakan sesuatu yang sangat berharga bagi setiap orang, sehingga mutlak harus dijaga oleh setiap orang dengan sangat baik. Rumah sakit sebagai salah satu sarana kesehatan yang memberikan pelayanan kesehatan kepada masyarakat memiliki peran yang sangat strategis dalam mempercepat peningkatan derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, rumah sakit dituntut untuk memberikan pelayanan yang bermutu sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan dan dapat menjangkau seluruh lapisan masyarakat. Kondisi ini mengharuskan Rumah Sakit XYZ Medan memberikan pelayanan yang terbaik bagi setiap masyarakat yang membutuhkannya. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengukur kualitas pelayanan dengan dimensi kualitas pelayanan kesehatan untuk menentukan variabel kebutuhan pelanggan yang tidak terpenuhi dengan Quality Function Deployment (QFD) yaitu dengan pembentukan matriks House of Quality (HOQ) yang memiliki Tingkat Kepentingan Relatif tertinggi. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) digunakan untuk merancang usulan perbaikan pelayanan rumah sakit sesuai voice of costumer. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumen penelitian. Hasil penyebaran kuesioner pendahuluan menggunakan 16 variabel pelayanan yang dibutuhkan oleh pasien rawat inap. Pembentukan matriks House of Quality (HOQ) diketahui bahwa karakteristik pelayanan “daya tanggap staf rumah sakit”, memiliki nilai Tingkat Kepentingan Relatif (TKR) sebesar 16,435% sehingga kemampuan staf rumah sakit dalam merespon pasien dengan cepat menjadi prioritas untuk perbaikan pelayanan

Future changes in tropical cyclone activity in the North Indian Ocean projected by high-resolution MRI-AGCMs

Open Access at publisher's web site: http://www.springerlink.com/content/b682734237171631

Baiu rainfall variability and associated monsoon teleconnections

Century-long observations enable us to uncover an interesting out-of-phase variability between the first principal component of Baiu rainfall over the Japanese archipelago and the monsoon rainfall over India during the early summer season (June and July). The signatures of this contemporaneous relationship are clearly evident from analysis of long-period multi-source climate datasets. One of the findings suggest that the circulation near the subtropical region of the west Pacific Ocean tends to vary in-phase with that over the Indian subcontinent, so that an intensified (weakened) west Pacific subtropical high is accompanied by an intensified (weakened) Baiu circulation over Japan and a weakened (intensified) monsoon circulation over India. Additionally, the Baiu-Indian Monsoon relationship is well supported by middle and upper tropospheric circulation anomalies extending from the mid-latitude region of West-Central Asia up to the Far East. A pattern consisting of an anomalous low over the Caspian and Aral Sea region, a high over Mongolia and an anomalous low over Korea and Japan, tends to be associated with increased Baiu rainfall over Japan and decreased monsoon rainfall over India. An opposite configuration of the mid-latitude circulation pattern tends to accompany below normal Baiu rains over Japan and above normal monsoon rains over India. It is suggested that the two patterns oriented along the (a) west Pacific southern oceanic route and the (b) mid-latitude continental route yield a consistent dynamical basis for inferring the Baiu-Indian Monsoon rainfall teleconnections

cis-3-Methyl-1-phenyl-8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b-hexa­hydro-1H,3bH-pyrazolo[3,4:2′,3′]pyrano[4′,5′,6′-kl]xanthene

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C23H22N2O2, contains two independent mol­ecules, A and B. The cyclo­hexane ring of mol­ecule B is disordered, with occupancies for the major and minor conformers of 0.570 (9) and 0.430 (9), respectively. The cyclo­hexane ring adopts a boat conformation in mol­ecule A and in the major conformer of mol­ecule B, and a chair conformation in the minor conformer of mol­ecule B. In both independent mol­ecules, one of the dihydro­pyran rings adopts a boat conformation while the other is in a half-chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the pyrazole and phenyl rings is 16.0 (1)° in mol­ecule A and 12.9 (1)° in mol­ecule B. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N inter­molecular hydrogen bonds

Methyl 3-(4-bromo­phen­yl)-1-methyl-1,2,3,3a,4,9b-hexa­hydro­benzo[f]chromeno[4,3-b]pyrrole-3a-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C24H22BrNO3, the dihydro­pyran ring adopts a half-chair conformation, whereas the pyrrolidine ring is in an envelope conformation. The bromo­phenyl group is oriented at an angle of 66.44 (4)° with respect to the naphthalene ring system. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers by C—H⋯π inter­actions and the dimers are connected via C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is further stabilized by π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.453 (1) Å]

(3aS,9bR)-Methyl 1-methyl-3-phenyl-1,2,3,3a,4,9b-hexa­hydro­chromeno[4,3-b]pyrrole-3a-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C20H21NO3, the heterocyclic six-membered ring adopts a half-chair conformation and the pyrrolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation. The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N inter­actions

1-(4-Methoxy­phen­yl)-7-phenyl-3-(phenyl­selenylmeth­yl)perhydro­isoxazolo[2′,3′:1,2]pyrrolo[3,4-b]azetidine-6-spiro-2′-chroman-2,4′-dione

In the title compound, C35H30N2O5Se, the pyrrolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation and the oxazolidine ring is in a twist conformation. The tetra­hydro­pyran ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The methoxy­phenyl ring is twisted away from the attached azetidinone ring by 15.7 (1)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions link the mol­ecules into a two-dimensional network