Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemistry, and Spectral Characterization of Bis-Isatin Thiocarbohydrazone Metal Complexes and Their Antitumor Activity Against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice

The synthesis, structure, electrochemistry, and biological studies of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes of thiocarbohydrazone ligand are described. The ligand is synthesized starting from thiocarbohydrazide and isatin. It is evident from the IR data that in all the complexes, only one part of the ligand is coordinated to the metal ion resulting mononuclear complexes. The ligand coordinates essentially through the carbonyl oxygen of the isatin fragment, the nitrogen atom of the azomethine group, and sulfur atom after deprotonation to give five membered rings. H1 NMR spectrum of the ligand shows only one set of signals for the aromatic protons, while the NH of isatin and NH of hydrazone give rise to two different singlets in the 11–14 ppm range. The formulations, [Cu(L)Cl]·2H2O, [Cu(L)(CH3COO)]·2H2O, [Ni(L)Cl], [Ni(L)(CH3COO)], [Co(L2)], and [Zn(L2)]·2H2O are in accordance with elemental analyses, physical, and spectroscopic measurements. The complexes are soluble in organic solvents. Molar conductance values in DMF indicate the nonelectrolytic nature of the complexes. Copper complex displays quasireversible cyclic voltametric responses with Ep near −0.659 v and 0.504 v Vs Ag/AgCl at the scan rate of 0.1 V/s. Copper(II) complexes show a single line EPR signals. For the observed magnetic moment and electronic spectral data possible explanation has been discussed. From all the available data, the probable structures for the complexes have been proposed. The compounds synthesized in present study have shown promising cytotoxic activity when screened using the in vitro method and at the same time were shown to have good activity when tested using the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) model. The antimicrobial screening showed that the cobalt complex possesses enhanced antimicrobial activity towards fungi

Isaacs’ syndrome-possible etiopathogenesis and clinical aspects: a case report

Isaacs’ syndrome (IS) is a rare condition which is characterized by peripheral nerve hyperexcitability which is due to continuous motor activity. The exact etiology for this condition is unknown yet there are several etiopathologies like autoimmune, genetic, or hereditary which can be an etiology for the IS. In our case report the likely etiology is autoimmune. Its clinical feature includes fasciculation, myokymia, and hyperhidrosis. To confirm the diagnosis mostly imaging methods of examination are performed like MRI, ultrasound, and EMG. In our patient MRI and EMG examination was performed. There are no particular therapeutic treatments that can help in this condition only symptomatic treatment can be delivered. Plasma exchange has a promising outcome for a momentary. In our case report, we propose the possible etiology of the condition

A cross-sectional Study on lifestyle factors influencing gastritis and dyspepsia among international students’ faculty of medical university

Background: Gastritis is the syndrome associated with the inflammation of the stomach epithelium. Age, dietary pattern, health issues, level of stress, the existence of any other gastrointestinal symptoms, smoking, use of alcohol, and use of over-the-counter medication were considered extraneous variables. The purpose of this study was to determine the lifestyle characteristics that predispose to gastritis among the international students of Grodno State Medical University, Belarus and the results were closely and meticulously analyzed. Methods: A descriptive survey strategy was used to evaluate the variables associated with gastritis. A simple random approach was chosen for this research. Data was collected with the help of a questionnaire in the format of an online Google form and recorded. Responses from 211 respondents mostly aged 18 to 29 years old were collected. The survey focused on gastritis and its connection to lifestyle factors like smoking, stress, and eating patterns. Results: The frequency value for the consumption of processed food was the highest above all with regards to dietary habits in this study followed by consumption of fibrous food, having carbonated drinks, frequency of having coffee/tea per day, and general stress level with their daily workload as well as evidently due to consumption of spicy food. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the incidence of gastritis among the respondents was multifactorial

Biological activities of synthetic pyrimidine derivatives

Heterocyclic chemistry is a rapidly expanding branch of organic chemistry. Nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen are the most common heteroatoms present in the heterocyclic ring. Nitrogen containing heterocycles are widely distributed in nature and are the constituents of diverse group of essential molecules from antibiotics to vitamins and are a vital part of nucleic acids. Literature survey indicated that pyrimidine derivatives have a wide range of pharmacological activities making them popular candidates for drug discovery protocols. Synthetic derivatives of pyrimidines have been shown to have antihyperuricemic, anti cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anti tubercular, antibiotic, analgesic, antipyretic, antihypertensive, antihistaminic, antiallergic, antileishmanial, antidiabetic, herbicidal, central nervous system depressant, and calcium channel blocking activities to name a few. Pyrimidine derivatives will continue to be a source of new drugs to treat the ever increasing burden of diseases. Some of the important biological activities are described in this review

Antihyperuricemic effects of thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues in oxonate treated rats

Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for not only gout, but also to a variety of disorders that affect the vital organ systems of the human body. The xanthine oxidase (XO) is the key enzyme in the production of uric acid and its inhibition can inhibit hyperuricemia. Although, XO inhibitor allopurinol is widely prescribed antigout agent but its use is not without any side effects. Previously, we described the synthesis of four novel thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues as effective XO inhibitors and molecular docking studies also confirmed this. When these analogues were tested in potassium oxonate treated rats, their serum uric acid and creatinine levels were dropped significantly from 4.85±0.03mg/dl to 1.21±0.01mg/dl and 0.92±0.02mg/dl to 0.40±0.02mg/dl respectively. Among the pyrimidine analogues tested, 6a was most potent. Histological examinations of both liver and kidney tissues exhibited severe necrosis in oxonate treated rats and pyrimidine analogues could significantly attenuate this with a correlative inhibitory profile of hepatic XO from the same rats. Our results demonstrate antihyperuricemic effect of novel thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues in oxonate treated rats, which can be further explored not only as antigout therapeutics but also in other systems where hyperuricemia is the driving cause of the disease

Effect of clonidine as an adjuvant for wound infiltration following caesarean section

Context: Local anesthetics provide simple and safe means of postoperative analgesia when used for local infiltration. Role of clonidine as an adjuvant is being increasingly explored because of its peripheral action. Aims: To investigate the analgesic effect of clonidine when added to bupivacaine for wound infiltration following cesarean section. Settings and Design: A prospective, randomized double-blind study was conducted after Institutional Ethical committee approval. Materials and Methods: Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II parturients scheduled for elective cesarean delivery through pfennensteil incision were included after consent. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups; Group B (control group) received 30 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine for wound infiltration and Group C received 3 μg/kg clonidine mixed with 0.25% bupivacaine. Time to first request of analgesia, total tramadol consumption, visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, sedation, any complications were recorded at 6th hourly interval till 24 hours. Statistical analysis used: Data and perioperative details are summarized as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis for significance was done using two sample unpaired t-test. Results: Demographic and surgical parameters were comparable. Time for first request of analgesia was prolonged in group C (254 ± 26 min vs group B 149 ± 12 min;P < 0.0001), total tramadol consumption was significantly less (P < 0.001), and pain scores were lower (P < 0.001) in clonidine group up to 12 h. Conclusions: Addition of 3 μg/kg of clonidine to 0.25% bupivacaine 30 ml for wound infiltration after cesarean section prolongs the duration of analgesia, reduces opioid consumption, and produces mild sedation without complications

Structural elucidation of possible lutein oxidation products mediated through peroxyl radical inducer 2,2â²-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride: Antioxidant and cytotoxic influence of oxidized lutein in HeLa cells

Aim of this study was to elucidate lutein oxidation products mediated through peroxyl radical inducer 2,2â²-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and to study antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of oxidized lutein using liposome and HeLa cells. Lutein (20 μmol) with AAPH (5 mM) in liposome's was incubated at 37 C in dark for 3 h, oxidized lutein products were characterized by LC-MS (APCI+) and studied for their free radical scavenging activity and cytotoxic effects in terms of cell viability, cellular glutathione, and malondialdehyde levels. AAPH mediated lutein fragmented ions were identified as 551 (M+ + H +-H2O), 391 (M+ + H+ + O 2-C22H32O) and 276 (M+ + H + + O2-C12H20O) and its isomers as 13-Z lutein, 13-Z zeaxanthin, 13â²-Z zeaxanthin and all-E zeaxanthin. Free radical scavenging activity of oxidized lutein was higher by 32.7 (IC 50, 2.64 μg) than lutein (IC50, 5.28 μg). Oxidized lutein lowered the lipid peroxidation (21), HeLa cells viability (22) and glutathione levels (32) than lutein. To conclude, the oxidized lutein may be highly reactive, since oxidation by AAPH results in peroxyl radical ions, which can react with conjugated polyene chain of lutein that could lead to higher antioxidant and cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells

The -“EVALUATION OF ACTIVITY OF ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS LEAVES AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON PLATELET COUNT IN DRUG INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN ALBINO RATS”: Platelet augmenting activity of Alternanthera sessilis

Background: Thrombocytopenia due to various causes may result in serious complications which include muco-cutaneous bleeding. Alternanthera sessilis has shown to have hematinic activity probably due to its free radical scavenging activity and membrane stabilization which prevents peripheral destruction of cellular elements of the blood. 1. The present study is focused on the property of Alternanthera sessilis, towards platelet augmentation. In addition it also has antiviral activity, which can address both decreased platelet count and viral infection, with thrombocytopenia.&nbsp; Objectives of Study: To determine the platelet augmenting effect on drug induced thrombocytopenia in rats. To observe any adverse effects and mortality in the animals. Methodology: Albino rats of either sex of average weight 150-200gm are used. A total of 36 (n=36) rats were divided into VI groups of 6 each. Groups I, II, III received cyclophosphamide 25 mg/kg body weight and group IV, V, VI received 50 mg/kg body weight for 3 consecutive days respectively.&nbsp; Blood was withdrawn from retro-orbital plexus on the 1st,&nbsp; 4th , 7th&nbsp; and 11th day of&nbsp; study after subjecting the animals to light anesthesia using ether and platelet count&nbsp; determined by making peripheral smear. 8 Results: Platelet count: Alternaanthera sessilis leaves aqueous extract at concentrations of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg were found to significantly increase the platelet count in cyclophosphamide induced rat model. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated platelet augmenting effect of Alternanthera sessilis leaves aqueous extract. Further detailed studies are required to establish its usefulness

Adaptive steganography based on covariance and Dct

The steganography is a covert communication to transfer confidential information over an internet. In this paper we propose Adaptive Steganography based on Covariance and Discrete Cosine Transform (ASCDCT) algorithm. The Average Covariance of the Cover Image (ACCI) is computed. The ACCI of 0.15 is considered as the threshold value. The cover image is segmented into 8*8 cells and DCT is applied to derive coefficients. The payload Most Significant Bits (MSBs) are embedded into the cover image based on ACCI and DCT coefficients. It is observed that the capacity, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and security is better compared to the existing algorithm. © 2011 Springer-Verlag