11,559 research outputs found
Food-bridging: a new network construction to unveil the principles of cooking
In this manuscript we propose, analyse, and discuss a possible new principle
behind traditional cuisine: the Food-bridging hypothesis and its comparison
with the food-pairing hypothesis using the same dataset and graphical models
employed in the food-pairing study by Ahn et al. [Scientific Reports, 1:196
(2011)].
The Food-bridging hypothesis assumes that if two ingredients do not share a
strong molecular or empirical affinity, they may become affine through a chain
of pairwise affinities. That is, in a graphical model as employed by Ahn et
al., a chain represents a path that joints the two ingredients, the shortest
path represents the strongest pairwise chain of affinities between the two
ingredients.
Food-pairing and Food-bridging are different hypotheses that may describe
possible mechanisms behind the recipes of traditional cuisines. Food-pairing
intensifies flavour by mixing ingredients in a recipe with similar chemical
compounds, and food-bridging smoothes contrast between ingredients. Both
food-pairing and food-bridging are observed in traditional cuisines, as shown
in this work.
We observed four classes of cuisines according to food-pairing and
food-bridging: (1) East Asian cuisines, at one extreme, tend to avoid
food-pairing as well as food-bridging; and (4) Latin American cuisines, at the
other extreme, follow both principles. For the two middle classes: (2)
Southeastern Asian cuisines, avoid food-pairing and follow food-bridging; and
(3) Western cuisines, follow food-pairing and avoid food-bridging
Magnetic transitions in Pr2NiO4 single crystal
The magnetic properties of a stoichiometric Pr2NiO4 single crystal have been examined by means of the temperature dependence of the complex ac susceptibility and the isothermal magnetization in fields up to 200 kOe at T=4.2 K. Three separate phases have been identified and their anisotropic character has been analyzed. A collinear antiferromagnetic phase appears first between TN = 325 K and Tc1 = 115 K, where the Pr ions are polarized by an internal magnetic field. At Tc1 a first modification of the magnetic structure occurs in parallel with a structural phase transition (Bmab to P42/ncm). This magnetic transition has a firstâorder character and involves both the outâofâplane and the inâplane spin components (magnetic modes gx and gxcyfz, respectively). A second magnetic transition having also a firstâorder character is also clearly identified at Tc2 = 90 K which corresponds to a spin reorientation process (gxcyfz to cxgyaz magnetic modes). It should be noted as well that the outâofâphase component of Ïac shows a peak around 30 K which reflects the coexistence of both magnetic configurations in a wide temperature interval. Finally, two fieldâinduced transitions have been observed at 4.2 K when the field is directed along the c axis. We propose that the highâfield anomaly arises from a metamagnetic transition of the weak ferromagnetic component, similarly to La2CuO4
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