Assessment of temperature distribution on inclined porous rod with a convective and insulated tip

The following work focuses on determining the temperature profile of porous rod using radiative and insulated tip conditions. In addition, graphs are generated to investigate the impact of several non-dimensional attributes on the distribution of temperature for various modes of energy exchange, such as boiling of nucleates and radiative energy exchange, including the convection-conduction parameter, permeability parameter, and radiation-conduction parameter. ND solve technique is applied to solve the generated nonlinear partial differential equation by using MATHEMATICA. The transient thermal response has been visually presented for various key parameters with ranges p=0,2, Nr=1,5,10, Nc=0.3,0.4,0.5, Pe=0.1,0.2,0.3, Q=0.1,0.2,0.3, Bi=1,2,3. The graphical outcome reveals that temperature distribution is a decreasing function of radiation parameter. Exposure time of the rod to the environment gets short for the enhancement in Peclet number. Initially temperature contours are linear, as time progresses the exponential behavior is developed

Testing the impact of educational expenditures on economic growth: new evidence from Latin American countries

This paper investigates the impact of educational expenditures on economic growth for 18 Latin American countries over the period 1970-2009 by using cointegration test procedure in the presence of two unknown structural breaks. Considering structural breaks is necessary for our analysis because of that Latin American countries implemented important reforms to expand their educational systems and these reforms may affect the cointegrating relationship. The findings indicate that there is evidence of cointegrating relationship between educational expenditures and economic growth for the considered countries except Chile, Guyana, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. Another finding of the paper is that identified structural breaks refer to the educational reform periods of Latin American countries