Marine Mammal Species of India

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute has collected and published information on occasional strandings, sightings and gear entanglement of marine mammals for more than 50 years from a vast network of trained field staff located at its research and field centres along the entire Indian coast. More than 85% of the publications on marine mammals in India are by the CMFRI. To create interest and awareness among students, researchers, naturalists and conservationists on marine mammals occurring in the Indian seas, the researchers of CMFRI have prepared species profile, which provides basic and interesting information on these charismatic animals. They have presented results of research projects on marine mammals and compiled available information from a large body of literature so that this publication serves as a source of ready reference to those interested on marine mammals. This publication will pave the way for producing a large number of marine mammalogists in the country to undertake advanced research on marine mammals in India and in the region as well

Marine mammals and fisheries interactions in Indian seas

Incidental capture of marine mammals in fishing gear is a major cause of concern. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) identified bycatch as one of the serious threats to the marine mammals. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) estimated that at least 308,000 dolphins and porpoises are killed in bycatch every year in the world oceans. The Indian seas support 26 species of cetaceans and one species of sirenian. Until 2003, knowledge on marine mammals of India was restricted to incidental catch of different species in fishing gear. Between 2003 and 2012, the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) undertook a research project on marine mammals and conducted extensive visual sighting cruises onboard FORV Sagar Sampada in the Indian EEZ and contiguous seas to explore diversity, distribution and ecological characters of this mega fauna. The project also undertook a survey on the marine mammals that are incidentally captured by fishing gea

भारत की समुद्री स्तनियां (Marine Mammal Species of India)

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute has collected and published information on occasional strandings, sightings and gear entanglement of marine mammals for more than 50 years from a vast network of trained field staff located at its research and field centres along the entire Indian coast. More than 85% of the publications on marine mammals in India are by the CMFRI. To create interest and awareness among students, researchers, naturalists and conservationists on marine mammals occurring in the Indian seas, the researchers of CMFRI have prepared species profile, which provides basic and interesting information on these charismatic animals. They have presented results of research projects on marine mammals and compiled available information from a large body of literature so that this publication serves as a source of ready reference to those interested on marine mammals. This publication will pave the way for producing a large number of marine mammalogists in the country to undertake advanced research on marine mammals in India and in the region as wel

Marine Mammal Sightings in Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean (SO) comprises more than 10% of the world's oceans and plays a substantial role in the Earth System. In total, it covers an area of 34.8 million km2. The shelves around Antarctica are on average 450 - 500 m deep, but exceed 1000 m in places. Of the total SO area. the continental shelf (~1000m in depth) covers 4. 59 million km2, the continental slope (1000 - 3000 m in depth) covers 2.35 million km2 and the deep sea (23000 m in depth) covers approximately 27.9 million km2 (Clarke and Johnston, 2003). Sea ice covers roughly half of the Southern Ocean during winter and approximately 10% during the summer

Hybrid Parameter Optimization Approach with Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for the Software Maintainability

This paper presents a novel method to measure the maintainability of the software from the design artifact. It is an inevitable measure because it aims to attain software with a better quality. The system is designed to measure the maintainability of the system from the UML class metric. This is extracted from the UML class diagram to predict the maintainability of the class diagram. The system is implemented using CFS from the Weka tool to select an optimized variable from a set of variables i.e UML class metric. Hybrid ANFIS is an artificial intelligence technique which has been incorporated with the optimizing algorithms to reduce the overall number of UML metric and build a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) based on the learning process. The optimization attains an enhanced result since it is done continually by both using feature selection and optimization algorithms repetitively, which results in reducing the UML metric considerably to measure the maintainability of the software. The proposed research work is evaluated in terms of the performance measures, MSE, RMSE, true positive rates and the result is clearly shown that a better optimization of the maintainability measure estimation process can be done

Functional outcome of Midshaft Clavicle fracture treated with Titanium Elastic Nail System: Short term prospective outcome analysis

INTRODUCTION: Clavicle fractures are common in children and young adults, commonly occurring in persons younger than 25 years. Clavicle becomes the most common site of injury because of its subcutaneous superficial location, thin midshaft, and the forces transmitted across it. The mechanism of injury is usually forceful fall with outstretched hand, which occurs commonly during contact sports. Clavicle fractures comprise about 30 -40% of all shoulder girdle injuries. Midshaft clavicular fractures accounts for 80-85% of them Traditional view that all clavicle fractures heal with good functional outcome no longer holds good. Midclavicular fractures are generally managed conservatively, e.g. with a figure-of-eight-bandage. Imminent perforation of the skin, impending or existing neurovascular compromise and the floating shoulder and gross displacement of fracture fragments were absolute indications for operative treatment. A number of publications described the technique of minimally invasive osteosynthesis using elastic stable intramedullary nails (ESIN). Early functional recovery and a rapid return to daily activities and low complication rate have been reported as advantages. AIM: The aim of the study is 1. To analyse the functional outcome of mid-shaft clavicle fractures treated with flexible intramedullary nails in our Institution. 2. To study the complications of the surgery 3. To study the duration of bony union following fixation with intra medullary nailing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective study carried out from May 2010 to December 2012 at the Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Rajiv Gandhi Govt. General Hospital, Madras Medical College Chennai. 20 patients admitted with displaced midshaft clavicular fractures during this period were treated with Titanium Elastic Nail and were studied for the functional outcome, complications and fracture union. Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age above 15years, 2. OTA type A and B fractures, 3. Displaced closed clavicle fractures, 4. Fractures with imminent skin perforation, 5. Floating shoulder injuries, 6. Polytrauma with ipsilateral rib fractures. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Age less than 15 years, 2. Compound fractures, 3. OTA type C fractures, 4. Lateral and medial end clavicle fractures, 5. Uncooperative patient for post operative rehabilitation. RESULTS: The present study consists of 20 cases of displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures who qualified for the study according to our inclusion criteria. They were treated with Titanium Elastic Nail between May 2010 to May 2012. No potential candidate refused to enter the study by preferring nonoperative treatment. All the patients were available for follow-up and they were followed every 4 weeks for a period of 6 months . Results were analyzed both clinically and radiologically. Of the 20 patients 12 patients (60%) fracture occurred due to road traffic accident,4 (20%) patients sustained fracture due to indirect injury, fall on outstretched hand and 4patients (20%) due to fall from height. In all the patients fractures were closed type. CONCLUSION: The data of this study shows that the treatment of mid-shaft clavicle fractures treated with titanium elastic intramedullary nailing results in excellent functional outcome. This technique provides high bone union rate, good functional outcome, early shoulder pain relief and early functional recovery obtained with minimal complications. This procedure is less invasive and can be performed with small incision when compared to plate fixation. But in communited fractures this can lead to telescoping and fracture heals with shortening. This is procedure is best suitable only for non communited midshaft clavicle fracture. Randomized controlled trials with adequate follow-up are required o determine the optimal surgical method to treat mid clavicular fractures

An Intelligent Genetic Algorithm for Mining Classification Rules in Large Datasets

Genetic algorithm is a popular classification algorithm which creates a random population of candidate solutions and makes them to evolve into a suitable accurate solution for a given problem by processing them iteratively for several generations. During each generation the training data set is accessed by the genetic algorithm only for the population member's fitness calculation and no other extra knowledge about the problem domain is extracted from the training data set. Even the domain knowledge stored in the chromosome code of the population may be lost in the future generations due to genetic operations. All the genetic operations like crossover and mutation are probability based and they do not depend upon the domain knowledge. This phenomenon makes the genetic algorithm to converge slowly. This paper proposes a genetic algorithm which tries to gain maximum knowledge in between the generations and store them in the form of knowledge chromosomes. The gained knowledge is used to make predictions about the search space and to guide the search process to an area with potential solutions in the subsequent generations. This makes the genetic algorithm to converge quickly which in turn reduces the learning cost. The experiments show that the run time is reduced considerably when compared with the state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithm

Some recent observations on small-scale fishery In the vicinity of Madras

Madras zone is one of the important fishing centres on the east coast of India. To understand the fish landings from different gears in Madras, three landing centres, viz., Kasimedu, Triplicane and Nochikuppam were selected. Kasimedu is about 8 km north of Triplicane and Nochikuppam is about 2 km south of Triplicane. The major catch components from the demersal trawls of this area arc silver bellies, threadfin breams, sciaenids, lizardfish, prawns, squids and cuttlefish. These groups are landed in a meagre quantity by the traditional gears, thus maintaining compatability between mechanised and non-mechanised gears in the exploitation of fishery resources off Madras

Effects of the Po2 on surfacing activity and food utilization in the air-breathing perch Anabas scandens

Fed Anabas scandens surfaced 555 times, swimming 278 m/day in non-aerated water (PO2 66 rnm Hg) and 855 times, travelling 428 m/day in aerated watcr (PO2: 147 mm Hg). Consumption, assimilation, production and metabolism of either series averaged 22. 18. 5 and 13 mg dry substance/g live fish/day, respeclively

Effects of the Po<SUB>2</SUB> on surfacing activity and food utilization in the air-breathing perch Anabas scandens

Fed Anabas seandens surfaced 555 times, swimming 278 m/day in non-aerated walcr (Po2: 66 rnm Hg)' and 855 limes, travelling 428 m/day in aerated watcr (Po2: 147 mm Hg). Consumption, assimilation, production and metabolism of either series averaged 22, 18, 5 and 13 mg dry substance/g live fish·day, respeclively. The high Po2 elevated metabolism, increased surfacing and swimming activities but failed 10 alter food utilization. Culturing A. scandens in aerated waters offers no special advantage. Starved fish in non-aerated and aerated waters surfaced 330 times and swam 164 m/day, expending 1.5 mg/g ·day