Distinct Neurobehavioural Effects of Cannabidiol in Transmembrane Domain Neuregulin 1 Mutant Mice

The cannabis constituent cannabidiol (CBD) possesses anxiolytic and antipsychotic properties. We have previously shown that transmembrane domain neuregulin 1 mutant (Nrg1 TM HET) mice display altered neurobehavioural responses to the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Here we investigated whether Nrg1 TM HET mice respond differently to CBD and whether CBD reverses schizophrenia-related phenotypes expressed by these mice. Adult male Nrg1 TM HET and wild type-like littermates (WT) received vehicle or CBD (1, 50 or 100 mg/kg i.p.) for 21 days. During treatment and 48 h after withdrawal we measured behaviour, whole blood CBD concentrations and autoradiographic receptor binding. Nrg1 HET mice displayed locomotor hyperactivity, PPI deficits and reduced 5-HT2A receptor binding density in the substantia nigra, but these phenotypes were not reversed by CBD. However, long-term CBD (50 and 100 mg/kg) selectively enhanced social interaction in Nrg1 TM HET mice. Furthermore, acute CBD (100 mg/kg) selectively increased PPI in Nrg1 TM HET mice, although tolerance to this effect was manifest upon repeated CBD administration. Long-term CBD (50 mg/kg) also selectively increased GABAA receptor binding in the granular retrosplenial cortex in Nrg1 TM HET mice and reduced 5-HT2A binding in the substantia nigra in WT mice. Nrg1 appears necessary for CBD-induced anxiolysis since only WT mice developed decreased anxiety-related behaviour with repeated CBD treatment. Altered pharmacokinetics in mutant mice could not explain our findings since no genotype differences existed in CBD blood concentrations. Here we demonstrate that Nrg1 modulates acute and long-term neurobehavioural effects of CBD, which does not reverse the schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes

A review of bioanalytical techniques for evaluation of cannabis (Marijuana, weed, Hashish) in human hair

Cannabis products (marijuana, weed, hashish) are among the most widely abused psychoactive drugs in the world, due to their euphorigenic and anxiolytic properties. Recently, hair analysis is of great interest in analytical, clinical, and forensic sciences due to its non-invasiveness, negligible risk of infection and tampering, facile storage, and a wider window of detection. Hair analysis is now widely accepted as evidence in courts around the world. Hair analysis is very feasible to complement saliva, blood tests, and urinalysis. In this review, we have focused on state of the art in hair analysis of cannabis with particular attention to hair sample preparation for cannabis analysis involving pulverization, extraction and screening techniques followed by confirmatory tests (e.g., GC–MS and LC–MS/MS). We have reviewed the literature for the past 10 years’ period with special emphasis on cannabis quantification using mass spectrometry. The pros and cons of all the published methods have also been discussed along with the prospective future of cannabis analysis

The effect of storage time and conditions on selected mechanical properties of apples

Właściwości teksturalne obok smakowitości w dużym stopniu decydują o jakości konsumenckiej jabłek. Do oceny właściwości teksturalnych owoców ziarnkowych wielu badaczy stosuje tylko jeden parametr tj. jędrność oznaczaną metodą Magness-Taylora. W pracy porównano wyniki badań właściwości mechanicznych jabłek uzyskane w różnych testach wytrzymałościowych. Jabłka przechowywano w chłodni zwykłej oraz w chłodni ulo przez 6 miesięcy. Stwierdzono, że istnieje silna zależność pomiędzy właściwościami mechanicznymi jabłek a czasem i warunkami ich długotrwałego przechowywania.Besides tastiness, textural properties largely decide about consumption quality of apples. Only one parameter is used by many researchers to assess textural properties of stone fruit, that is firmness determined using the Magness-Taylor method. The paper compares research results for mechanical properties of apples, obtained during various strength tests. Apples were stored in an ordinary cold store and in the ULO cold store for 6 months. The research allowed to observe strong relationship between mechanical properties of apples and their prolonged storage time and conditions

The influence of humidity and size of horse been seed on their seed cover hardness

В работе представлено результаты исследований прочности семенной оболочки трех сортов конских бобов. Установлено, что прочность семенной оболочки зависит от сорта. Прирост влажности бобов приводит к снижению величины сил нужных для пробивки оболочки и к увеличению соответствующих им деформаций. Найдено также функции описивающие эти зависимости. Не установлено влияний величины семян на иcследуемые свойства т.е. силу и деформацию.The research results of seed cover hardness concerning three horse bean varieties have been presented in this paper. It has been stated that hardness of seed cover depends on variety. The increase of seed humidity causes the considerable decrease of destruction forces and the increase of corresponding to them deformation values. The function describing this dependences have been found. It has been stated additionally that the seed size doesn’t influence the investigated features

Assessment of the usability of laboratory basket press for studies on juice pressing process from plant raw materials

Znajomość procesu tłoczenia oraz czynników decydujących o jego przebiegu wynika przede wszystkim z doświadczeń i obserwacji przemysłowych, a w mniejszym stopniu z badań eksperymentalnych i prac teoretycznych. Celem pracy było zaprojektowanie i wykonanie uniwersalnej laboratoryjnej prasy koszowej oraz przeprowadzenie badań testujących polegających na tłoczeniu soku z miazg owocowych i warzywnych. Badania wykazały pełną przydatność zaprojektowanego stanowiska pomiarowego do badań operacji tłoczenia miazg owocowych z uwzględnieniem różnych parametrów procesu.Knowledge of the pressing process and its decisive factors results above all from experience and industrial observation and to a lesser extent from experimental studies and theoretical research. The objective of the work was to design and make a universal laboratory basket press and to perform test studies, consisting in pressing juice from fruit and vegetable pulp. The research showed full usability of the designed measuring stand for studies on fruit pulp pressing operation, taking into account different process parameters

Proba zastosowania metody IRHD do badan makrotwardosci nasion

This paper presents some methods of the study the hardness of seeds. The investigation of macrohardness of seeds was carried out using the IRHD method. The seeds of three varieties of horse-bean were examined. An increase in seed moisture content causes a decrease in their macrohardness. Those dependences can be described with linear functions in all the cases.W pracy przedstawiono różne metody badań twardości nasion. Zaproponowano wykorzystanie metody IRHD do badań makrotwardości nasion. Przebadano trzy odmiany nasion bobiku i stwierdzono, że najwyższą makrotwardość mają nasiona odmiany “Jasny II”. Wzrost wilgotności nasion powoduje istotny spadek ich makrotwardości. We wszystkich przypadkach zależności te opisano funkcjami liniowymi

The influence of concentration process parameters on apple juice concentrate quality

Do produkcji koncentratów soków owocowych powszechnie wykorzystuje się wyparki próżniowe prowadząc proces odparowania wody w temperaturach 50-70°C. Mimo stosowania tej techniki produkcji od lat badacze w niewielkim stopniu analizują zmiany jakościowe soku podczas procesu zagęszczania. Celem pracy była ocena przydatności laboratoryjnej wyparki próżniowej do badań procesu zagęszczania soków owocowych. Zakres pracy obejmował: dobór i ustalenie optymalnych parametrów pracy urządzenia, analizę przebiegu procesu zagęszczanie oraz ocenę wybranych parametrów jakościowych soku.Vacuum evaporators are universally used for production of fruit juice concentrates. Water evaporation process is carried out at the temperature ranging from 50 to 70°C. In spite of using this production technique, for many years now the researchers have been analysing qualitative changes in juice during concentration process to a small extent only. The purpose of the work was to assess usability of laboratory vacuum evaporator for examination of fruit juice concentration process. The scope of work included: selection and establishing of optimal equipment operation parameters, concentration process progress analysis, and assessment of selected qualitative parameters of juice