Complexes of Some Group(IV) Metal Halides with 5-Aminoindazole

The synthesis and characterisation of Sn(IV) halides, Ge(IV), Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) chloride complexes of the type MX4 : Li_ 2 with 5-aminoindazole has been made. The possible structure of these complexes has been proposed on the basis of elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The IR spectra suggest unidentate behaviour of the ligand involving pyrrole nitrogen in all the cases except the tin(IV) bromide complex, where the ligand exhibits its bidentate nature, involving the pyridyl nitrogen. An octahedral geometry has been proposed for all the complexes. In the case of MX4 :\u27L type complexes, except for SnBr4 : L, an octahedral halogen bridged structure has been proposed

Delirium: assessment and treatment of patients with cancer PART 2

Delirium at the end of life may present significant ethical dilemmas in clinical practice: whether to simply treat it in order to maximise symptom relief, with the resulting side effect being palliative sedation, or to attempt to reverse delirium and risk prolonging suffering. Determining whether the delirium can be reversed involves comprehensive assessment using established tools, which may or may not provide the answer to the question posed. This article examines the evidence surrounding several assessment tools that have been suggested as effective in identifying delirium, and the consequences of various approaches to the management of delirium in a patient with a cancer diagnosis. It also considers the impact delirium may have on the health professional and those close to the patient.N/

RF bifurcation of a Josephson junction: microwave embedding circuit requirements

A Josephson tunnel junction which is RF-driven near a dynamical bifurcation point can amplify quantum signals. The bifurcation point will exist robustly only if the electrodynamic environment of the junction meets certain criteria. In this article we develop a general formalism for dealing with the non-linear dynamics of Josephson junction embedded in an arbitrary microwave circuit. We find sufficient conditions for the existence of the bifurcation regime: a) the embedding impedance of the junction need to present a resonance at a particular frequency $\omega_{R}$, with the quality factor $Q$ of the resonance and the participation ratio $p$ of the junction satisfying $Qp\gg 1$, b) the drive frequency should be low frequency detuned away from $\omega_{R}$ by more than $\sqrt{3}\omega_{R}/(2Q)$.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. B, 12 pages, 6 figure

Delirium: a diagnostic dilemma. Part 1.

Effective symptom management for a patient with a palliative diagnosis can be challenging. There are some symptoms that may be more difficult to control and understand than others. Delirium, as a symptom, may well prove to be a significant challenge for all involved, leaving family and health professionals perplexed and exhausted. Understanding the predisposing factors and the manifestations may aid the health professional in the assessment and identification of this distressing symptom, facilitating more effective management and care of those who are approaching the end of life. This article attempts to address some of the challenges and offer a number of suggestions that may aid in identifying delirium in patients at the end of life, but also examines some of the dilemmas when attempting to treat delirium.N/

Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with groundnut in North Vietnam

Distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in coastal, midland hilly, and riverbed delta in Nghe An province in North Vietnam was appraised in April 1993. Thirty-one nematode species within 21 genera were identified associated with groundnut in 25 villages in 5 districts. Macroposthonia ornata, Tylenchorhynchus annulatus, and Pratylenchus species were the most frequently associated nematodes. M. ornata was considered most important because of its incidence in 93% of the surveyed region; it was predominant in 32% of the locations. Swelling of the apical parts of groundnut roots was common and M. ornata was suspected of being linked with 'apical gall' symptoms. T. annulatus was present in 80% of the samples but its population density was normally low (less than 0.5 nematodes per cm³ soil). Pratylenchus brachyurus and P. zeae varied in their distribution; P. brachyurus was widespread in sandy coastal soils while P. zeae populations preferred loamy soils in the midland hilly region. Cysts of Heterodera species were found in soil samples in 43% of locations, but groundnut roots were free from cysts. Meloidogyne graminicola, M. javanica, and Meloidogyne sp. were found in 77% of locations surveyed. Populations of these species were suspected to affect the rice production. Incidentally, 21 of the species identified are being reported for the first time in association with groundnut in Vietnam, and 8 of them have not previously been reported in association with groundnut in any country

Single-shot qubit readout in circuit Quantum Electrodynamics

The future development of quantum information using superconducting circuits requires Josephson qubits [1] with long coherence times combined to a high-fidelity readout. Major progress in the control of coherence has recently been achieved using circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) architectures [2, 3], where the qubit is embedded in a coplanar waveguide resonator (CPWR) which both provides a well controlled electromagnetic environment and serves as qubit readout. In particular a new qubit design, the transmon, yields reproducibly long coherence times [4, 5]. However, a high-fidelity single-shot readout of the transmon, highly desirable for running simple quantum algorithms or measur- ing quantum correlations in multi-qubit experiments, is still lacking. In this work, we demonstrate a new transmon circuit where the CPWR is turned into a sample-and-hold detector, namely a Josephson Bifurcation Amplifer (JBA) [6, 7], which allows both fast measurement and single-shot discrimination of the qubit states. We report Rabi oscillations with a high visibility of 94% together with dephasing and relaxation times longer than 0:5 \mu\s. By performing two subsequent measurements, we also demonstrate that this new readout does not induce extra qubit relaxation.Comment: 14 pages including 4 figures, preprint forma