Social and spatial heterogeneity in psychosis proneness in a multilevel case-prodrome-control study

To test whether spatial and social neighbourhood patterning of people at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis differs from first-episode psychosis (FEP) participants or controls and to determine whether exposure to different social environments is evident before disorder onset

Novel Psychoactive Substances in Custodial Settings: A Mixed Method Investigation on the Experiences of People in Prison and Professionals Working With Them

Introduction: Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS), especially Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists (SCRAs), pose a substantial challenge to health and the security of the prison environment. This study analyses the phenomenon from the perspective of people in prison and that of professionals working with them. Methods: A phenomenological qualitative approach was used to analyze self-reported experiences with ‘Spice’ (NPS) among users in prison. A semi-structured questionnaire was also disseminated among professionals working in these settings to better understand (a) the impact of NPS on their work; (b) perceived issues on safety in their working environment; (c) approaches used to tackle the phenomenon and best practices. Results: Psychotic events resulting from the collected Spice accounts (5) were marked by hallucinations, depression, self-harm, and suicidal ideations. Other emerging elements included fear, paranoia, inability to be with others, mistrust, breakdown and other risky behaviors. Overall, 186 responses from prison staff were collected across the country. 67% claimed NPS to have had a deep impact on their work as they commonly witnessed episodes involving outbursts of anger, slurred speech, hallucinations, psychosis, and significant mental deterioration among those in prison. Some 91% have witnessed aggression at least once, with 53% experiencing direct harm. Suggested interventions included enhanced training and education (84%), improved detection (92%) and treatment and support services (93%). Conclusions: Findings highlight the urgent need for joint multi-disciplinary efforts to tackle the exponential escalation of NPS in prisons as well as to facilitate the recovery and societal reintegration of those affected. Phenomenology can be recommended as a valuable methods to study drug induced experiences

Reduction in ventral striatal activity when anticipating a reward in depression and schizophrenia: a replicated cross-diagnostic finding.

In the research domain framework (RDoC), dysfunctional reward expectation has been proposed to be a cross-diagnostic domain in psychiatry, which may contribute to symptoms common to various neuropsychiatric conditions, such as anhedonia or apathy/avolition. We used a modified version of the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) paradigm to obtain functional MRI images from 22 patients with schizophrenia, 24 with depression and 21 controls. Anhedonia and other symptoms of depression, and overall positive and negative symptomatology were also measured. We hypothesized that the two clinical groups would have a reduced activity in the ventral striatum when anticipating reward (compared to anticipation of a neutral outcome) and that striatal activation would correlate with clinical measures of motivational problems and anhedonia. Results were consistent with the first hypothesis: two clusters in both the left and right ventral striatum were found to differ between the groups in reward anticipation. Post-hoc analysis showed that this was due to higher activation in the controls compared to the schizophrenia and the depression groups in the right ventral striatum, with activation differences between depression and controls also seen in the left ventral striatum. No differences were found between the two patient groups, and there were no areas of abnormal cortical activation in either group that survived correction for multiple comparisons. Reduced ventral striatal activity was related to greater anhedonia and overall depressive symptoms in the schizophrenia group, but not in the participants with depression. Findings are discussed in relation to previous literature but overall are supporting evidence of reward system dysfunction across the neuropsychiatric continuum, even if the specific clinical relevance is still not fully understood. We also discuss how the RDoC approach may help to solve some of the replication problems in psychiatric fMRI research.Supported by the Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund [097814/Z/11], a MRC Clinician Scientist [G0701911], a Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Young Investigator, and an Isaac Newton Trust award to Dr Murray; an award to Dr Segarra from the Secretary for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the European Union; by the University of Cambridge Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, funded by a joint award from the Medical Research Council [G1000183]and Wellcome Trust [093875/Z/10/Z]; by awards from the Wellcome Trust [095692] and the Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Fund to Dr. Fletcher, and by the Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Frontiers via http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.0128

Illicit COVID-19 products online: A mixed-method approach for identifying and preventing online health risks

Aims The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a demand for vaccines, cures, and the need of related documentation for travel, work and other purposes. Our project aimed to identify the illicit availability of such products across the Dark Web Markets (DWMs). Methods A retrospective search for COVID-19 related products was carried out across 118 DWMs since the start of the pandemic (March 2020-October 2021). Data on vendors as well as advertised goods such as asking price, marketplace, listed date were collected and further validated through additional searches on the open web to verify the information relating to specific marketplaces. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used for data analysis. Results Forty-two listings of unlicenced COVID-19 cures and vaccination certificates were identified across 8 marketplaces sold by 25 vendors with significant variation in prices. The listings were found to be geographically specific and followed the progression of the pandemic in terms of availability. Correlations between vendor portfolios of COVID-19 products and variety of goods of other illicit nature such as illegal weaponry, medication/drugs of abuse also emerged from our analysis. Conclusion This study is one of the first attempts to identify the availability of unlicenced COVID-19 products on DWMs. The easy accessibility to vaccines, fake test certificates and hypothetical/illegal cures poses serious health risks to (potential) buyers due to the uncontrolled nature of such products. It also exposes buyers to an unwanted contact with vendors selling a variety of other dangerous illicit goods. Further monitoring and regulatory responses should be implemented to protect the health and safety of citizens especially at times of global crisis

Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol and polydrug dependence: a multidimensional approach.

RATIONALE: Dependence on drugs and alcohol is associated with impaired impulse control, but deficits are rarely compared across individuals dependent on different substances using several measures within a single study. OBJECTIVES: We investigated impulsivity in abstinent substance-dependent individuals (AbD) using three complementary techniques: self-report, neuropsychological and neuroimaging. We hypothesised that AbDs would show increased impulsivity across modalities, and that this would depend on length of abstinence. METHODS: Data were collected from the ICCAM study: 57 control and 86 AbDs, comprising a group with a history of dependence on alcohol only (n = 27) and a group with history of dependence on multiple substances ("polydrug", n = 59). All participants completed self-report measures of impulsivity: Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, UPPS Impulsive Behaviour Scale, Behaviour Inhibition/Activation System and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. They also performed three behavioural tasks: Stop Signal, Intra-Extra Dimensional Set-Shift and Kirby Delay Discounting; and completed a Go/NoGo task during fMRI. RESULTS: AbDs scored significantly higher than controls on self-report measures, but alcohol and polydrug dependent groups did not differ significantly from each other. Polydrug participants had significantly higher discounting scores than both controls and alcohol participants. There were no group differences on the other behavioural measures or on the fMRI measure. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the current set of self-report measures of impulsivity is more sensitive in abstinent individuals than the behavioural or fMRI measures of neuronal activity. This highlights the importance of developing behavioural measures to assess different, more relevant, aspects of impulsivity alongside corresponding cognitive challenges for fMRI.This article presents independent research funded by the Medical Research Council as part of their addiction initiative (grant number G1000018). GSK kindly funded the functional and structural MRI scans that took place at Imperial College. The research was carried out at the NIHR/Wellcome Trust Imperial Clinical Research Facility, the NIHR/Wellcome Trust Cambridge Research Facility and Clinical Trials Unit at Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, and is supported by the North West London, Eastern and Greater Manchester NIHR Clinical Research Networks.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4245-

Abnormal Frontostriatal Activity During Unexpected Reward Receipt in Depression and Schizophrenia: Relationship to Anhedonia.

Alterations in reward processes may underlie motivational and anhedonic symptoms in depression and schizophrenia. However it remains unclear whether these alterations are disorder-specific or shared, and whether they clearly relate to symptom generation or not. We studied brain responses to unexpected rewards during a simulated slot-machine game in 24 patients with depression, 21 patients with schizophrenia, and 21 healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We investigated relationships between brain activation, task-related motivation, and questionnaire rated anhedonia. There was reduced activation in the orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, inferior temporal gyrus, and occipital cortex in both depression and schizophrenia in comparison with healthy participants during receipt of unexpected reward. In the medial prefrontal cortex both patient groups showed reduced activation, with activation significantly more abnormal in schizophrenia than depression. Anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortical activation predicted task-related motivation, which in turn predicted anhedonia severity in schizophrenia. Our findings provide evidence for overlapping hypofunction in ventral striatal and orbitofrontal regions in depression and schizophrenia during unexpected reward receipt, and for a relationship between unexpected reward processing in the medial prefrontal cortex and the generation of motivational states.Supported by a MRC Clinician Scientist award (G0701911), a Brain and Behaviour Research Foundation Young Investigator, and an Isaac Newton Trust award to Dr Murray; an award to Dr Segarra from the Secretary for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the European Union; by the University of Cambridge Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, funded by a joint award from the Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust (G1000183 and 093875/Z/10Z respectively); by awards from the Wellcome Trust (095692) and the Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Fund to Professor Fletcher, and by awards from the Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund (097814/Z/11) and Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The authors are grateful for the help of clinical staff in CAMEO, in the Cambridge Rehabilitation and Recovery service and Pathways, and in the Cambridge IAPT service, for help with participant recruitment.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.37

La media education nella prima infanzia (0-6). Percorsi, pratiche e prospettive

Ibambini del terzo millennio sono esposti sempre più precocemente ad un processo di socializzazione ai media digitali, favorito anche dal progressivo affermarsi della tecnologia touch, e, recentemente, dalla forte accelerazione innescata dalla fase pandemica, che ha posto tutti – adulti e bambini – nella necessità di affrontare nuove sfide nella modalità d’uso dei dispositivi digitali. In questo scenario complesso, famiglia e scuola costituiscono il luogo primario di scoperta, esperienza, apprendimento e, anche, di costruzione di modelli di consumo mediale. Il volume si rivolge a educatori e genitori, con l’obiettivo di accompagnarli in un percorso di acquisizione di “buone pratiche”, fornendo un quadro d’insieme dei diversi approcci teorico-metodologici al tema e strumenti operativi utili a favorire nel bambino, fin da piccolo, un processo di progressiva autonomia, consapevolezza e auto-regolamentazione. Superando la storica contrapposizione tra apocalittici e integrati rispetto all’uso della tecnologia da parte dei bambini in ambito didattico e famigliare, il testo propone una visione integrata di un fenomeno complesso, al quale troppo spesso ci si è avvicinati con atteggiamento pregiudizialmente negativo o, di contro, semplicisticamente ottimistico, sulla base di contributi provenienti da differenti ambiti disciplinari (sociologico, pedagogico e psicologico). Attraverso un percorso di analisi dell’evoluzione e delle prospettive della media education, il lettore è accompagnato nei diversi contesti – società, famiglia e scuola – approdando al racconto delle buone pratiche in uso nei contesti educativi prescolari e dei possibili sviluppi. Tutto questo senza perdere di vista la centralità del bambino nel processo, oramai irrinunciabile, di relazione con i media, tradizionali e digitali, nel quale gli adulti devono essere in primis agenti attivi e consapevoli di educazione ai media oltre che con i media

Techniques and Method of Analysis of Images in Advertising: A Content Analysis-based Study on International Magazines

Consultabile on line sul sito www.europhd.eu/html/_onda02/07/PDF/Metastasio,%20R.(2005).pdf - 2005-04-2

Il consumo mediale tra vecchi scenari e nuovi contesti

L’evoluzione delle tecnologie nel corso degli anni ha fatto sì che anche il pano- rama dei media cambiasse radicalmente nel corso del tempo. Si è perciò passati da quelli che vengono definiti “vecchi media” (o media tradizionali, come radio, tele- visione o carta stampata) ai “nuovi media” (o media digitali, come internet e i social network). Dall’avvento dei media digitali si è assistito ad una progressiva e rapida diffusione di molteplici piattaforme destinate a diversi tipi di pubblico in base a fat- tori quali le loro esigenze o a target sociodemografici. L’avvento dei nuovi media ha anche cambiato le modalità e la frequenza della fruizione mediale, con sempre più persone costantemente connesse alla rete e im- pegnate nell’uso dei nuovi media. L’accesso e l’uso alle diverse tipologie di media sembra dipendere da vari fattori, quali, ad esempio, l’area geografica del mondo e fattori sociodemografici come il reddito o il livello di istruzione. In particolare, un uso progressivo soprattutto dei nuovi media avviene sin dalla prima infanzia, come documentato da diverse rilevazioni statistiche e ricerche in ambito accademico. Queste ultime si sono focalizzate non solo sui fattori che spingono i bambini all’uso delle tecnologie, ma anche sulle potenziali conseguenze di tale uso. Il dibattito sull’uso e sull’educazione ai nuovi media coinvolge anche aspetti del contesto ma- crosociale. In particolare, l’esigenza di preparare le nuove generazioni all’uso delle nuove tecnologie si pone al centro dei programmi d’investimento dei governi e delle grandi aziende, con l’obiettivo di fornire lungo l’intero arco del ciclo di vita le competenze necessarie per utilizzare al meglio le nuove tecnologie e fruire dei me- dia digitali in maniera critica

Il Brand. Fisionomia, posizionamento e strategie di marketing

Le marche – o brand – sono state da sempre utilizzate per differenziare e valorizzare i prodotti, offrendo al pubblico un mondo di segni e significati atti ad orientare le scelte e a creare universi valoriali nei contesti di consumo e, anche, cercando di aumentare la propria pervasività sul mercato e di costruirsi una forte reputazione. Il volume, rivolto a studiosi e professionisti del settore della comunicazione e del marketing, si pone il duplice obiettivo di fornire una rassegna dei fondamenti teorici che contraddistinguono lo sviluppo e l’evoluzione del brand, e, anche, di presentare aspetti pratici relativi alla sua gestione. Il brand viene analizzato a partire dalla sua fisionomia, guardando alle diverse componenti e a come esse si interfacciano con i consumatori per soddisfarne i diversi bisogni e le numerose richieste. Vengono poi analizzati i modelli teorici di branding presenti in letteratura rispetto alle possibili ricadute sul piano applicativo. Ampio spazio viene dato ai processi strategici di segmentazione del target e di posizionamento, con uno sguardo anche ai casi di riposizionamento avvenuti nel corso degli anni. Infine, si illustrano le strategie attraverso le quali i brand possono evolvere e collaborare con altre marche, con un'attenzione particolare alla possibilità di estendere il proprio mercato ad altre categorie di prodotti, evidenziando i punti di forza e i possibili rischi di tali operazioni